Carbon−Oxygen Bond Forming Mechanisms in Rhenium Oxo-Alkyl Complexes

Abstract

Three C−X bond formation mechanisms observed in the oxidation of (HBpz_3)ReO(R)(OTf) [HBpz_3 = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate; R = Me, Et, and iPr; OTf = OSO_2CF_3] by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated using quantum mechanics (M06//B3LYP DFT) combined with solvation (using the PBF Poisson−Boltzmann polarizable continuum solvent model). For R = Et we find the alkyl group is activated through α-hydrogen abstraction by external base OTf^− with a free energy barrier of only 12.0 kcal/mol, leading to formation of acetaldehyde. Alternatively, ethyl migration across the M═O bond (leading to the formation of acetaldehyde and ethanol) poses a free energy barrier of 22.1 kcal/mol, and the previously proposed α-hydrogen transfer to oxo (a 2+2 forbidden reaction) poses a barrier of 44.9 kcal/mol. The rate-determining step to formation of the final product acetaldehyde is an oxygen atom transfer from DMSO to the ethylidene, with a free energy barrier of 15.3 kcal/mol. When R = iPr, the alkyl 1,2-migration pathway becomes the more favorable pathway (both kinetically and thermodynamically), with a free energy barrier (ΔG^‡ = 11.8 kcal/mol) lower than α-hydrogen abstraction by OTf^− (ΔG^‡ = 13.5 kcal/mol). This suggests the feasibility of utilizing this type of migration to functionalize M−R to M−OR. We also considered the nucleophilic attack of water and ammonia on the Re-ethylidene α-carbon as a means of recovering two-electron-oxidized products from an alkane oxidation. Nucleophilic attack (with internal deprotonation of the nucleophile) is exothermic. However, the subsequent protonolysis of the Re−alkyl bond (to liberate an alcohol or amine) poses a barrier of 37.0 or 42.4 kcal/mol, respectively. Where comparisons are possible, calculated free energies agree very well with experimental measurements.