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1950
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H. J. Muller Introduces
Genetic Load
H. J. Muller publishes "Our Load of
Mutations" in which he introduces the concept of a genetic load and the
dangers of genetic radiation damage.
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1962
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Freese and Sueoka Recognize
Neutral Molecular Evolution
Freese and Sueoka propose neutral
mutations to explain the
difference between frequencies of amino acids and nucleotides.
E. Freese. 9162. On the evolution of basse composition of
DNA. Journal of Theoretical Biology 3: 82-101.
N. Sueoka. 1962. On the genetic basis of variation and
heterogeneity of DNA base composition. PNAS 48: 166-69.
From
James Crow's Top Ten List of Significant Events in Molecular
Evolution
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1963
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Macy Conference on Genetics
The Fifth Macy Conference on
Genetics, held November 3-
6, 1963 at Princeton University, brought together several well-known
geneticists of that time period to discuss important issues in
population genetics. This conference took place just before the
emergence of the field of molecular evolution. Attendees included:
Walter Bodmer, James Crow, Everett Dempster, Theodosius Dobzhansky,
L.C. Dunn, Barry Falconer, Dick Lewontin, Howard Levene, H.J. Muller,
James Neel, Bruce Wallace, and Jack Schull, among others. The format of
the conference was short individual presentations followed by an
informal free-for-all discussion. Fortunately, a stenographer was
present throughout the conference to preserve the interactions of these
scientists. We have posted the entire transcript,
dividing it up by sessions.
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1964
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Kimura and Crow formulate the
Infinite Alleles Model
As part of the classical-balance
controversy, Motoo Kimura and James Crow formulated the Infinite
Alleles Model in their paper "The
Number of Alleles that Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population,"
Genetics 49 (1964), 725-
738.
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1965
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Zuckerkandl and Pauling
christen the Molecular Clock
Although Emile Zuckerkandl had
articulated the idea of the molecular clock earlier, in their paper,"Evolutionary
Divergence and Convergence in Proteins," for the 1965 Evolving
Genes and Proteins Conference, Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling coined the
term "molecular clock."
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1966
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Hubby and Lewontin use
electrophoresis to estimate genetic variation
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1968
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Kimura publishes his cost of
selection argument for neutral molecular evolution
In his article "Evolutionary
Rate at the Molecular Level," Motoo Kimura argued that the rate of
substitution would create an intolerable cost of selection unless many
of the substitutions were selectively neutral. This paper is
traditionally considered one of the points of origin for the neutral
theory of molecular evolution.
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1969
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King and Jukes argue for
Non-Darwinian Evolution
In their article,
"Non-Darwinian Evolution," Jack King and Thomas Jukes introduce a
variety of biochemical
evidence to make the case for neutral molecular
evolution. With Kimura's 1968 paper, this paper marks
the beginning of the neutralist/ selectionist controversy.
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1970
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Clarke and Richmond argue
against Non-Darwinian Evolution
The Neutralist/ Selectionist
controversy begins with systematic responses to Kimura 1968 and King
and Jukes 1969 from Bryan Clarke and Rollin Richmond. Bryan
Clarke, "Darwinian Evolution of Proteins," Science 168 (1970),
1009-1011. Rollin Richmond, "Non-Darwinian Evolution: A Critique,"
Nature 225 (1970), 1025-1028.
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1973
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Tomoko Ohta proposes the
Nearly Neutral Theory
Ohta's paper "Slightly Delterious
Mutant Substitutions in Evolution," Nature 246 (1973): 96-98 marks the
beginning of the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution.
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1974
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Problem of Uniform
Heterozygosity Raised
Apparently Uniform Heterozygosity
at the Protein Level was
raised as a Problem of the Neutral Theory R.
C. Lewontin, The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change.
(New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1974).
From
Tomoko Ohta's Top Ten List of Significant Events in
Molecular Evolution
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1981
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Rapid Evolution of Pseudogenes.
Rapid Evolution of Pseudogenes. T.
Miyata and T. Yasunaga, "Rapidly evolving mouse alpha
globin related pseudogene and its evolutionary history,"
PNAS 78 (1981), 450-453.
From
Tomoko Ohta's List of Top Ten Significant Events in
Molecular Evolution
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1988
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Detection of Positive
Selection by Comparing Nonsynonymous and Synonymous Substitutions
A. L. Hughes and M. Nei, "Patter of
nucleotide substitutions
at major histocompatibility complex class I loci reveals
overdominant selection," Nature 335 (1988), 167-170.
From
Tomoko Ohta's Top Ten List of Significant Events in
Molecular Evolution
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1991
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Comparative Study of
Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Divergence Patterns
J. H. McDonald and M. Kreitman,
"Adaptive protein evolution
at the AHD locus in Drosophila," Nature 351 (1991), 652-654.
From
Tomoko Ohta's Top Ten List of Significant Events in
Molecular Evolution
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1996
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Rapid Evolution at
Nonsynonymous Sites in Small Populations.
N. A. Moran, "Accelerated evolution
and Muller's Ratchet in
Endosymbiotic bacteria," PNAS 93 (1996), 2873-2878.
From
Tomoko Ohta's Top Ten List of Significant Events in
Molecular Evolution
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2000
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Sequence Turnover at a
Regulatory Element.
M. Z. Ludwig, et al., "Evidence for
stabilizing selection in
a eukaryotic enhancer element," Nature 403 (2000), 564-567.
From
Tomoko Ohta's Top Ten List of Significant Events in
Molecular Evolution
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