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Douglas Brutlag received
his B.S. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology
and his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Stanford University in 1972,
where he has remained as professor. He is the co-founder of IntelliGenetics,
Inc. and IntelliCorp, and is currently the Chief Scientific Officer
of DoubleTwist, Inc. Brutlag has been the Director of the Bioinformatics
Resource at Stanford and he was cofounder of the International
Society for Computational Biology. Brutlag states that his primary research objective
is to understand the flow of genetic information from the genome
to the phenotype of an organism. This includes understanding the
sequence-structure dependencies and the structure-function dependencies
of macromolecules. These goals represent the bioinformatic and
functional-genomic approach to predicting structure and function
from sequence. Specifically, we develop computer representations
that can discover structural and functional properties of DNA,
RNA and protein from sequences and from first principles. We spend
much of our time learning the first principles of molecular and
structural biology from known examples. We are also interested
in predicting the interactions between ligands and proteins and
between two interacting proteins. Given the structure, function
and interactions of the proteins in a cell, we will eventually
be able to simulate the metabolism of the organism. We attack
these critical problems using a variety of different representations
of sequences, structures and functions. Multiple representations
of sequences include simple consensus sequence patterns, parametric
representations, probabilistic techniques, graph theoretic approaches
as well as computer simulations. Much of our work consists of
developing a new representation of a structure or a function of
a macromolecule, applying the methods of machine learning to this
representation, and then evaluating the accuracy of the method.
We have developed novel representations of sequence correlations
that have predicted amino acid side chain interactions that stabilize
protein strands and helices. We have developed novel algorithms
for aligning sequences that give insight into the secondary structure
of proteins. We have developed novel methods for discovering both
sequence and structural motifs in proteins that help establish
semantics of protein structure and function.
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Peter Friedland
received undergraduate degrees in chemistry and
electrical engineering from Princeton University in 1974, and a
Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford University in 1979. In 1994,
he was awarded the Feigenbaum Medal, an international award given
biannually for outstanding success in expert systems technology
development and practical application. As a graduate student he
worked on MOLGEN with Mark Stefik and Edward Feigenbaum. He was
a cofounder of IntelliGenetics.
Peter is known
for his breakthrough work in the application of intelligent planning
methods to practical problems in science and engineering. He co-founded
two now-public companies - IntelliCorp and Teknowledge - that built
hundreds of successful commercial applications of expert systems
technology.
Before founding Intraspect, Friedland created and led the Artificial
Intelligence Research Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center, which
grew to become the nation's largest governmental/industrial artificial
intelligence research, development, and application center. During
this time he managed a staff of over 60 professionals and a budget
of greater than $10M, and co-managed a NASA-wide program involving
eight Centers and over a $25M budget.
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Joshua Lederberg was born in Montclair,
New Jersey on May 23, 1925, the son of a rabbi. Lederberg's interest
in a scientific career began quite early. His family moved to New
York City when Lederberg was a child, and Lederberg was able to
attend Stuyvesant High School, which concentrated in the sciences.
In New York Lederberg was also able to take advantage of facilities
such as the American Institute, which made laboratory space and
equipment available to talented high school science students. Upon
graduating from high school at 16, Lederberg took advantage of a
local scholarship to attend Columbia University. After his experiments with Edward L. Tatum that demonstrated
sexual recombination in bacteria, Lederberg decided to leave medical
school to pursue a Ph.D., which he received from Yale in 1948. He
then joined the Genetics Department at the University of Wisconsin,
which at the time was part of the University's School of Agriculture.
He eventually helped form and served as chair of the Department
of Medical Genetics.
Lederberg received the Nobel Prize in 1958. Shortly
afterward he joined the new Department of Genetics at Stanford University's
School of Medicine, where he remained until 1978, when he left Stanford
to become President of Rockefeller University.
Computer science
and molecular biology caught Lederberg's scientific imagination
during the mid-1960s at Stanford. In collaboration with computer
scientists Edward A. Feigenbaum and Bruce Buchanan and chemist Carl
Djerassi, Lederberg developed DENDRAL (DENDRitic ALgorithm), one
of the first "expert" or "knowledge-based" systems. DENDRAL was
designed to further two goals. The first was to aid scientists by
determining the molecular structure of a chemical compound of known
composition. The second was to investigate the combination of acquired
knowledge and experience and inductive reasoning that a human would
use to solve similar problems. Lederberg was involved in other early
computer science, artificial intelligence, and cooperative communications
projects, like SUMEX-AIM (Stanford University Medical EXperimental-Artificial
Intelligence in Medicine). In a very early realization of the Internet,
remote users could connect to a mainframe at Stanford to collaborate
on problems that applied the methods and theories of artificial
intelligence-the use of computers in complex decision making-to
questions of medical science and medical diagnosis.
He became a professor
emeritus in 1990, and he continues to research, lecture, and serve
on a number of advisory panels.
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Edward Feigenbaum
received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees at Carnegie Mellon University.
He is a Professor of Computer Science and Co-Scientific Director
of the Knowledge Systems Laboratory at Stanford University. Until
1992 Dr. Feigenbaum was Co-Principal Investigator of the national
computer facility for applications of Artificial Intelligence to
Medicine and Biology known as the SUMEX-AIM facility, established
by NIH at Stanford University. He was Co-Principal Investigator
of the DENDRAL Project, and Principal Investigator of the MOLGEN
Project. Dr. Feigenbaum served as Principal Investigator Chief Scientist
of the United States Air Force from 1994 to 1997. Professor Feigenbaum
was Chairman of the Computer Science Department and Director of
the Computer Center at Stanford University. He is the Past President
of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence. He has
served on the National Science Foundation Computer Science Advisory
Board, an ARPA study committee for Information Science and Technology;
and on the National Research Council's Computer Science and Technology
Board. He has been a member of the Board of Regents of the National
Library of Medicine.
Feigenbaum is
the author and editor of numerous volumes, including the co-editor
of the encyclopedia, The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence,
and of the early book, Computers and Thought, published by
McGraw-Hill. He is co-author of the McGraw-Hill book, Applications
of Artificial Intelligence in Organic Chemistry: The DENDRAL Program
and was the founding editor of the McGraw-Hill Computer Science
Series. He is co-author with Pamela McCorduck of the book The
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge
to the World, published by Addison-Wesley (1983) and by New
American Library (1984). He is also co-author with Penny Nii and
Pamela McCorduck of the book, The Rise of the Expert Company,
on corporate successes in the use of expert systems, published by
Times Books in New York and Macmillan in London (1988).
Edward Feigenbaum
is a co-founder of several start-up firms in applied artificial
intelligence, including IntelliGenetics, IntelliCorp, Teknowledge
and Design Power Inc. and served as a member of the Board of Directors
of IntelliCorp and Design Power Inc. He also was a member of the
Board of Directors of Sperry Corporation prior to its merger with
Burroughs. He is a member of the Advisory Council of the Kansai
Silicon Valley Venture Forum.
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