Albert, A. and Alfaro, R. and Alvarez, C. and Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C. and Arunbabu, K. P. and Avila Rojas, D. and Ayala Solares, H. A. and Belmont-Moreno, E. and BenZvi, S. Y. and Brisbois, C. and Caballero-Mora, K. S. and Capistrán, T. and Carramiñana, A. and Casanova, S. and Cotti, U. and Cotzomi, J. and Coutiño de León, S. and De la Fuente, E. and de León, C. and Dichiara, S. and Dingus, B. L. and DuVernois, M. A. and Engel, K. and Espinoza, C. and Fleischhack, H. and Fraija, N. and Galván-Gámez, A. and García-Aguilar, D. and García-González, J. A. and Garfias, F. and González, M. M. and Goodman, J. A. and Harding, J. P. and Hernandez, S. and Hona, B. and Huang, D. and Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F. and Hüntemeyer, P. and Iriarte, A. and Jardin-Blicq, A. and Joshi, V. and Kieda, D. and Lee, W. H. and León Vargas, H. and Longinotti, A. L. and Luis-Raya, G. and Malone, K. and Marinelli, S. S. and Martinez, O. and Martinez-Castellanos, I. and Martínez-Castro, J. and Matthews, J. A. and Miranda-Romagnoli, P. and Morales-Soto, J. A. and Moreno, E. and Mostafá, M. and Nayerhoda, A. and Nellen, L. and Newbold, M. and Noriega-Papaqui, R. and Peisker, A. and Pérez-Pérez, E. G. and Ren, Z. and Rho, C. D. and Rosa-González, D. and Rosenberg, M. and Rubenzahl, R. and Salazar, H. and Salesa Greus, F. and Sandoval, A. and Schneider, M. and Sinnis, G. and Smith, A. J. and Springer, R. W. and Surajbali, P. and Tabachnick, E. and Tibolla, O. and Tollefson, K. and Torres, I. and Villaseñor, L. and Wood, J. and Yapici, T. and Zepeda, A. and Zhou, H. (2020) Constraints on the Emission of Gamma-Rays from M31 with HAWC. Astrophysical Journal, 893 (1). Art. No. 16. ISSN 1538-4357. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7999. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200504-081620984
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Abstract
Cosmic rays, along with stellar radiation and magnetic fields, are known to make up a significant fraction of the energy density of galaxies such as the Milky Way. When cosmic rays interact in the interstellar medium, they produce gamma-ray emission which provides an important indication of how the cosmic rays propagate. Gamma-rays from the Andromeda galaxy (M31), located 785 kpc away, provide a unique opportunity to study cosmic-ray acceleration and diffusion in a galaxy with a structure and evolution very similar to the Milky Way. Using 33 months of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory, we search for teraelectronvolt gamma-rays from the galactic plane of M31. We also investigate past and present evidence of galactic activity in M31 by searching for Fermi bubble-like structures above and below the galactic nucleus. No significant gamma-ray emission is observed, so we use the null result to compute upper limits on the energy density of cosmic rays >10 TeV in M31.
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| Additional Information: | © 2020 The American Astronomical Society. Received 2020 January 6; revised 2020 February 22; accepted 2020 February 23; published 2020 April 8. We acknowledge support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), México, grants 271051, 232656, 260378, 179588, 254964, 258865, 243290, 132197, A1-S-46288, A1-S-22784, cátedras 873, 1563, 341, 323, Red HAWC, México; DGAPA-UNAM grants AG100317, IN111315, IN111716-3, IN111419, IA102019, IN112218; VIEP-BUAP; PIFI 2012, 2013, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant DEC-2018/31/B/ST9/01069, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana; Royal Society—Newton Advanced Fellowship 180385. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Díaz and Eduardo Murrieta for technical support. Software: threeML/hawc-hal (https://github.com/threeML), AERIE-LiFF (https://github.com/rjlauer/aerie-liff, HAWC Collaboration). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Issue or Number: | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Classification Code: | Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: High energy astrophysics (739); Particle astrophysics (96); Galactic cosmic rays (567); Gamma-ray astronomy (628); Andromeda Galaxy (39) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DOI: | 10.3847/1538-4357/ab7999 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:20200504-081620984 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persistent URL: | https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20200504-081620984 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Official Citation: | A. Albert et al 2020 ApJ 893 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Usage Policy: | No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ID Code: | 102970 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposited By: | Tony Diaz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deposited On: | 04 May 2020 16:05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Last Modified: | 16 Nov 2021 18:17 |
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