Gaia Early Data Release 3. Acceleration of the Solar System from Gaia astrometry.

Klioner, S. A. and Mignard, F. and Lindegren, L. and Bastian, U. and McMillan, P. J. and Hernández, J. and Hobbs, D. and Ramos-Lerate, M. and Biermann, M. and Bombrun, A. and de Torres, A. and Gerlach, E. and Geyer, R. and Hilger, T. and Lammers, U. and Steidelmüller, H. and Stephenson, C. A. and Brown, A. G. A. and Vallenari, A. and Prusti, T. and de Bruijne, J. H. J. and Babusiaux, C. and Creevey, O. L. and Evans, D. W. and Eyer, L. and Hutton, A. and Jansen, F. and Jordi, C. and Luri, X. and Panem, C. and Pourbaix, D. and Randich, S. and Sartoretti, P. and Soubiran, C. and Walton, N. A. and Arenou, F. and Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. and Cropper, M. and Drimmel, R. and Katz, D. and Lattanzi, M. 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A. and Sadowski, G. and Sagristà Sellés, A. and Sahlmann, J. and Salgado, J. and Salguero, E. and Samaras, N. and Sanchez Gimenez, V. and Sanna, N. and Santoveña, R. and Sarasso, M. and Schultheis, M. and Sciacca, E. and Segol, M. and Segovia, J. C. and Ségransan, D. and Semeux, D. and Siddiqui, H. I. and Siebert, A. and Siltala, L. and Slezak, E. and Smart, R. L. and Solano, E. and Solitro, F. and Souami, D. and Souchay, J. and Spagna, A. and Spoto, F. and Steele, I. A. and Süveges, M. and Szabados, L. and Szegedi-Elek, E. and Taris, F. and Tauran, G. and Taylor, M. B. and Teixeira, R. and Thuillot, W. and Tonello, N. and Torra, F. and Torra, J. and Turon, C. and Unger, N. and Vaillant, M. and van Dillen, E. and Vanel, O. and Vecchiato, A. and Viala, Y. and Vicente, D. and Voutsinas, S. and Weiler, M. and Wevers, T. and Wyrzykowski, Ł. and Yoldas, A. and Yvard, P. and Zhao, H. and Zorec, J. and Zucker, S. and Zurbach, C. and Zwitter, T. (2021) Gaia Early Data Release 3. Acceleration of the Solar System from Gaia astrometry. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 649 . Art. No. A9. ISSN 0004-6361. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039734. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210511-073254538

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Abstract

Context. Gaia Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3) provides accurate astrometry for about 1.6 million compact (QSO-like) extragalactic sources, 1.2 million of which have the best-quality five-parameter astrometric solutions. Aims. The proper motions of QSO-like sources are used to reveal a systematic pattern due to the acceleration of the solar systembarycentre with respect to the rest frame of the Universe. Apart from being an important scientific result by itself, the acceleration measured in this way is a good quality indicator of the Gaia astrometric solution. Methods. Theeffect of the acceleration was obtained as a part of the general expansion of the vector field of proper motions in vector spherical harmonics (VSH). Various versions of the VSH fit and various subsets of the sources were tried and compared to get the most consistent result and a realistic estimate of its uncertainty. Additional tests with the Gaia astrometric solution were used to get a better idea of the possible systematic errors in the estimate. Results. Our best estimate of the acceleration based on Gaia EDR3 is (2.32 ± 0.16) × 10⁻¹⁰ m s⁻² (or 7.33 ±0.51 km s⁻¹ Myr⁻¹) towards α = 269.1° ± 5.4°, δ = −31.6° ± 4.1°, corresponding to a proper motion amplitude of 5.05 ±0.35 μas yr⁻¹. This is in good agreement with the acceleration expected from current models of the Galactic gravitational potential. We expect that future Gaia data releases will provide estimates of the acceleration with uncertainties substantially below 0.1 μas yr⁻¹.

Item Type:

Article

Related URLs:

URL	URL Type	Description
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039734	DOI	Article
https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.02036	arXiv	Discussion Paper
https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039734/olm	Publisher	Movie associated with Fig. 2

ORCID:

Author	ORCID
Marocco, F.	0000-0001-7519-1700

Additional Information:

© 2021 ESO. Article published by EDP Sciences. Received 21 October 2020; Accepted 30 November 2020; Published online 28 April 2021. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia MultiLateral Agreement (MLA). The Gaia mission website is https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia archive website is https://archives.esac.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in alphabetical order by country: the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants and the Polish Academy of Sciences - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek through grant VS.091.16N, and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Comité Français d’Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB); the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054 and 11703065 and the China Scholarship Council through grant 201806040200; the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171 ’Mining the Variable Sky’, with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme; the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058; the Danish Ministry of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1; the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space AsteroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network; the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360 and 647208 and through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation and excellent science programmes through Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 745617 as well as grants 670519 (Mixing and Angular Momentum tranSport of massIvE stars – MAMSIE), 687378 (Small Bodies: Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the Interaction of Galaxies), and 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries and Cepheids – CepBin); the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF); the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through grants for Slovenia, through contracts C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, and through contract 4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany; the Academy of Finland and the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the ‘Investissements d’avenir’ programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project ‘Modelling the Milky Way in the Gaia era’ (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for project ‘The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era’ (ARCHEOGAL), and through grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project ‘Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as primary distance calibrators’ (UnlockCepheids), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), the ‘Action Fédératrice Gaia’ of the Observatoire de Paris, the Région de Franche-Comté, and the Programme National de Gravitation, Références, Astronomie, et Métrologie (GRAM) of CNRS/INSU with the Institut National de Physique (INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) co-funded by CNES; the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, and 50QG1904 and the Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität Dresden for generous allocations of computer time; the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the Lendület Programme grants LP2014-17 and LP2018-7 and through the Premium Postdoctoral Research Programme (L. Molnár), and the Hungarian National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grant KH_18-130405; the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University Research Fellowship (M. Fraser); the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) through grant 848/16; the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2 to INAF for the Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and 2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca) through the Premiale project ‘MIning The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology’ (MITiC); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2019/30/M/ST9/00311, DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221, and PRELUDIUM grant 2017/25/N/ST9/01253, and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12; the Portugese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through grants SFRH/BPD/74697/2010 and SFRH/BD/128840/2017 and the Strategic Programme UID/FIS/00099/2019 for CENTRA; the Slovenian Research Agency through grant P1-0188; the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE) through grants ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80079-C2-2-R, RTI2018-095076-B-C21, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, BES-2016-078499, and BES-2017-083126 and the Juan de la Cierva formación 2015 grant FJCI-2015-2671, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports through grant FPU16/03827, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through grant AYA2017-89841P for project ‘Estudio de las propiedades de los fósiles estelares en el entorno del Grupo Local’ and through grant TIN2015-65316-P for project ‘Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII’, the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Programme of the Spanish Government through grant SEV2015-0493, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia ‘María de Maeztu’) through grants MDM-2014-0369 and CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona’s official doctoral programme for the development of an R+D+i project through an Ajuts de Personal Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory through project AyA2017-84089, the Galician Regional Government, Xunta de Galicia, through grants ED431B-2018/42 and ED481A-2019/155, support received from the Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC) funded by the Xunta de Galicia, the Xunta de Galicia and the Centros Singulares de Investigación de Galicia for the period 2016-2019 through CITIC, the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) / Fondo Europeo de Desenvolvemento Rexional (FEDER) for the Galicia 2014-2020 Programme through grant ED431G-2019/01, the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2016-1-0006, AECT-2016-2-0013, AECT-2016-3-0011, and AECT-2017-1-0020, the Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project ’Models de Programació i Entorns d’Execució Parallels’ (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-025968-I; the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rymdstyrelsen); the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the Mesures d’Accompagnement, the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires, and the Swiss National Science Foundation; the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, ST/I000852/1, ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/L006561/1, ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1, ST/S000976/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S002103/1, and ST/V000969/1.

Group:

Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC)

Funders:

Funding Agency	Grant Number
Gaia Multilateral Agreement	UNSPECIFIED
Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie	UNSPECIFIED
Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory	UNSPECIFIED
FWF Der Wissenschaftsfonds	T359
FWF Der Wissenschaftsfonds	P20046
FWF Der Wissenschaftsfonds	P23737
PROgramme de Développement d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX)	UNSPECIFIED
Polish Academy of Sciences	UNSPECIFIED
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)	VS.091.16N
Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS)	UNSPECIFIED
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)	UNSPECIFIED
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)	UNSPECIFIED
Comité Français d’Évaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB)	UNSPECIFIED
National Natural Science Foundation of China	11573054
National Natural Science Foundation of China	11703065
China Scholarship Council	201806040200
Croatian Science Foundation	UNSPECIFIED
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne	UNSPECIFIED
Croatian-Swiss Research Programme	TTP-2018-07-1171
Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (Czech Republic)	LG 15010
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic	LTAUSA18093
Czech Space Office	98058
Ministry of Higher Education and Science (Denmark)	UNSPECIFIED
Ministry of Education and Research (Estonia)	IUT40-1
Marie Curie Fellowship	MRTN-CT-2006-033481
Marie Curie Fellowship	PIOF-GA-2009-255267
Marie Curie Fellowship	MTKD-CT-2004-014188
European Research Council (ERC)	606740
European Research Council (ERC)	264895
European Research Council (ERC)	320360
European Research Council (ERC)	647208
Marie Curie Fellowship	745617
European Research Council (ERC)	670519
European Research Council (ERC)	687378
European Research Council (ERC)	682115
European Research Council (ERC)	695099
European Science Foundation	UNSPECIFIED
European Space Agency (ESA)	UNSPECIFIED
Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS)	C98090
Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS)	4000106398/12/NL/KML
Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS)	4000115263/15/NL/IB
Academy of Finland	UNSPECIFIED
Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation	UNSPECIFIED
Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES)	UNSPECIFIED
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)	ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)	ANR-15-CE31-0007
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)	ANR-14-CE33-0014-01
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)	ANR-15-CE31-0012-01
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)	UNSPECIFIED
Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU)	UNSPECIFIED
Observatoire de Paris	UNSPECIFIED
Région de Franche-Comté	UNSPECIFIED
Institut National Polytechnique (INP)	UNSPECIFIED
Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3)	UNSPECIFIED
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG0501
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG0601
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG0602
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG0701
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG0901
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1001
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1101
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1401
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1402
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1403
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1404
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)	50QG1904
Hungarian Academy of Sciences	LP2014-17
Hungarian Academy of Sciences	LP2018-7
National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (Hungary)	KH_18-130405
Science Foundation Ireland	UNSPECIFIED
Royal Society	UNSPECIFIED
Israel Science Foundation	848/16
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)	I/037/08/0
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)	I/058/10/0
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Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)	2014-025-R.1.2015
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)	2018-24-HH.0
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)	2014-049-R.0/1/2
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)	I/008/10/0
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)	2013/030/I.0
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)	NWO-M-614.061.414
Spinoza Prize	UNSPECIFIED
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NOVA)	UNSPECIFIED
National Science Centre (Poland)	2019/30/M/ST9/00311
National Science Centre (Poland)	2017/27/L/ST9/03221
National Science Centre (Poland)	2017/25/N/ST9/01253
Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (MNiSW)	DIR/WK/2018/12
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Juan de la Cierva Fellowship	FJCI-2015-2671
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Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC)	UNSPECIFIED
Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)	UNSPECIFIED
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Red Española de Supercomputación (RES)	UNSPECIFIED
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Generalitat de Catalunya	2014-SGR-1051
Ramón y Cajal Programme	RYC2018-025968-I
Swedish National Space Agency	UNSPECIFIED
State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (Switzerland)	UNSPECIFIED
Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires	UNSPECIFIED
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)	UNSPECIFIED
Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC)	UNSPECIFIED
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Subject Keywords:

astrometry – proper motions – reference systems – Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics – methods: data analysis

DOI:

10.1051/0004-6361/202039734

Record Number:

CaltechAUTHORS:20210511-073254538

Persistent URL:

https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210511-073254538

Official Citation:

Gaia Early Data Release 3 - Acceleration of the Solar System from Gaia astrometry. Gaia Collaboration, S. A. Klioner, et. al., A&A, 649 (2021) A9; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039734

Usage Policy:

No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.

ID Code:

109064

Collection:

CaltechAUTHORS

Deposited By:

Tony Diaz

Deposited On:

11 May 2021 17:42

Last Modified:

11 May 2021 17:42

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