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Constraining the Date of a Seasonally Ice-Free Arctic Using a Simple Model

Bonan, David B. and Schneider, Tapio and Eisenman, Ian and Wills, Robert C. J. (2021) Constraining the Date of a Seasonally Ice-Free Arctic Using a Simple Model. Geophysical Research Letters, 48 (18). Art. No. e2021GL094309. ISSN 0094-8276. doi:10.1029/2021GL094309. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210518-081155344

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Abstract

State-of-the-art climate models simulate a large spread in the projected decline of Arctic sea-ice area (SIA) over the 21st century. Here we diagnose causes of this intermodel spread using a simple model that approximates future SIA based on present SIA and the sensitivity of SIA to Arctic temperatures. This model accounts for 70%–95% of the intermodel variance, with the majority of the spread arising from present-day biases. The remaining spread arises from intermodel differences in Arctic warming, with some contribution from differences in the local sea-ice sensitivity. Using observations to constrain the projections moves the probability of an ice-free Arctic forward by 10–35 years when compared to unconstrained projections. Under a high-emissions scenario, an ice-free Arctic will likely (urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl62946:grl62946-math-000166% probability) occur between 2036 and 2056 in September and between 2050 and 2068 from July to October. Under a medium-emissions scenario, the “likely” date occurs between 2040 and 2062 in September and much later in the 21st century from July to October.


Item Type:Article
Related URLs:
URLURL TypeDescription
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094309DOIArticle
https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10507054.1DOIDiscussion Paper
https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6Related ItemData
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5177172DOICode
ORCID:
AuthorORCID
Bonan, David B.0000-0003-3867-6009
Schneider, Tapio0000-0001-5687-2287
Eisenman, Ian0000-0003-0190-2869
Wills, Robert C. J.0000-0002-7776-2076
Additional Information:© 2021. American Geophysical Union. Issue Online: 16 September 2021; Version of Record online: 16 September 2021; Accepted manuscript online: 29 August 2021; Manuscript accepted: 24 August 2021; Manuscript revised: 13 August 2021; Manuscript received: 12 May 2021. The authors thank Elizabeth Hunke, Caroline Holmes, and François Massonnet for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this work. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers and the Editor, Gudrun Magnusdottir, for helpful comments. D. B. Bonan was supported by an American Meteorological Society (AMS) Graduate Fellowship and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (NSF Grant DGE-1745301). Part of this research was supported by Eric and Wendy Schmidt by recommendation of the Schmidt Futures program. I. Eisenman acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (Grant OPP-1643445. R. C. J. Wills also acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (Grant AGS-1929775). Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are freely available from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) (https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/). The data can be found by searching “siconc” and “tas” with the Experiment ID: “historical,” “SSP126,” “SSP245,” or “SSP585”. Code and data for this research are also available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5177172.
Funders:
Funding AgencyGrant Number
American Meteorological SocietyUNSPECIFIED
NSF Graduate Research FellowshipDGE-1745301
Schmidt Futures ProgramUNSPECIFIED
NSFOPP-1643445
NSFAGS-1929775
Subject Keywords:sea ice; uncertainty; Arctic; climate change
Issue or Number:18
DOI:10.1029/2021GL094309
Record Number:CaltechAUTHORS:20210518-081155344
Persistent URL:https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210518-081155344
Official Citation:Bonan, D. B., Schneider, T., Eisenman, I., & Wills, R. C. J. (2021). Constraining the date of a seasonally ice-free Arctic using a simple model. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL094309. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094309
Usage Policy:No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.
ID Code:109164
Collection:CaltechAUTHORS
Deposited By: Tony Diaz
Deposited On:19 May 2021 19:05
Last Modified:05 Jul 2022 16:44

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