Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by a Trinuclear Copper(II) Complex

Abstract

We report a trinuclear copper(II) complex, [(DAM)Cu₃(μ³-O)][Cl]₄ (1, DAM = dodecaaza macrotetracycle), as a homogeneous electrocatalyst for water oxidation to dioxygen in phosphate-buffered solutions at pH 7.0, 8.1, and 11.5. Electrocatalytic water oxidation at pH 7 occurs at an overpotential of 550 mV with a turnover frequency of ∼19 s⁻¹ at 1.5 V vs NHE. Controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments at pH 11.5 over 3 h at 1.2 V and at pH 8.1 for 40 min at 1.37 V vs NHE confirm the evolution of dioxygen with Faradaic efficiencies of 81% and 45%, respectively. Rinse tests conducted after CPE studies provide evidence for the homogeneous nature of the catalysis. The linear dependence of the current density on the catalyst concentration indicates a likely first-order dependence on the Cu precatalyst 1, while kinetic isotope studies (H₂O versus D₂O) point to involvement of a proton in or preceding the rate-determining step. Rotating ring-disk electrode measurements at pH 8.1 and 11.2 show no evidence of H₂O₂ formation and support selectivity to form dioxygen. Freeze-quench electron paramagnetic resonance studies during electrolysis provide evidence for the formation of a molecular copper intermediate. Experimental and computational studies support a key role of the phosphate as an acceptor base. Moreover, density functional theory calculations highlight the importance of second-sphere interactions and the role of the nitrogen-based ligands to facilitate proton transfer processes.