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Dinickel Active Sites Supported by Redox-Active Ligands

Uyeda, Christopher and Farley, Conner M. (2021) Dinickel Active Sites Supported by Redox-Active Ligands. Accounts of Chemical Research, 54 (19). pp. 3710-3719. ISSN 0001-4842. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00424. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211008-224627658

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Abstract

Redox reactions that take place in enzymes and on the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts often require active sites that contain multiple metals. By contrast, there are very few homogeneous catalysts with multinuclear active sites, and the field of organometallic chemistry continues to be dominated by the study of single metal systems. Multinuclear catalysts have the potential to display unique properties owing to their ability to cooperatively engage substrates. Furthermore, direct metal-to-metal covalent bonding can give rise to new electronic configurations that dramatically impact substrate binding and reactivity. In order to effectively capitalize on these features, it is necessary to consider strategies to avoid the dissociation of fragile metal–metal bonds in the course of a catalytic cycle. This Account describes one approach to accomplishing this goal using binucleating redox-active ligands. In 2006, Chirik showed that pyridine–diimines (PDI) have sufficiently low-lying π* levels that they can be redox-noninnocent in low-valent iron complexes. Extending this concept, we investigated a series of dinickel complexes supported by naphthyridine–diimine (NDI) ligands. These complexes can promote a broad range of two-electron redox processes in which the NDI ligand manages electron equivalents while the metals remain in a Ni(I)–Ni(I) state. Using (NDI)Ni2 catalysts, we have uncovered cases where having two metals in the active site addresses a problem in catalysis that had not been adequately solved using single-metal systems. For example, mononickel complexes are capable of stoichiometrically dimerizing aryl azides to form azoarenes but do not turn over due to strong product inhibition. By contrast, dinickel complexes are effective catalysts for this reaction and avoid this thermodynamic sink by binding to azoarenes in their higher-energy cis form. Dinickel complexes can also activate strong bonds through the cooperative action of both metals. Norbornadiene has a ring-strain energy that is similar to that of cyclopropane but is not prone to undergoing C–C oxidative addition with monometallic complexes. Using an (NDI)Ni₂ complex, norbornadiene undergoes rapid ring opening by the oxidative addition of the vinyl and bridgehead carbons. An inspection of the resulting metallacycle reveals that it is stabilized through a network of secondary Ni−π interactions. This reactivity enabled the development of a catalytic carbonylative rearrangement to form fused bicyclic dienones. These vignettes and others described in this Account highlight some of the implications of metal–metal bonding in promoting a challenging step in a catalytic cycle or adjusting the thermodynamic landscape of key intermediates. Given that our studies have focused nearly exclusively on the (NDI)Ni₂ system, we anticipate that many more such cases are left to be discovered as other transition-metal combinations and ligand classes are explored.


Item Type:Article
Related URLs:
URLURL TypeDescription
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00424DOIArticle
ORCID:
AuthorORCID
Uyeda, Christopher0000-0001-9396-915X
Farley, Conner M.0000-0002-4067-0848
Additional Information:© 2021 American Chemical Society. Received 15 July 2021. Published online 27 September 2021. Published in issue 5 October 2021. We are grateful to the members of our research group for their contributions to the work described in this Account. We thank Daniel Ess (Brigham Young University) for collaborations on computational modeling studies. Financial support for this program was provided by the NSF (CHE-1554787 and CHE-2101931) and the NIH (R35 GM124791). C.U. is grateful for support from an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, a Camille Dreyfus Teacher–Scholar award, and a Lilly Grantee award. The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Funders:
Funding AgencyGrant Number
NSFCHE-1554787
NSFCHE-2101931
NIHR35 GM124791
Alfred P. Sloan FoundationUNSPECIFIED
Camille and Henry Dreyfus FoundationUNSPECIFIED
Lilly Endowment, Inc.UNSPECIFIED
Subject Keywords:Hydrocarbons, Oxidative addition, Ligands, Addition reactions, Catalysts
Issue or Number:19
DOI:10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00424
Record Number:CaltechAUTHORS:20211008-224627658
Persistent URL:https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211008-224627658
Official Citation:Dinickel Active Sites Supported by Redox-Active Ligands Christopher Uyeda and Conner M. Farley Accounts of Chemical Research 2021 54 (19), 3710-3719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00424
Usage Policy:No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.
ID Code:111331
Collection:CaltechAUTHORS
Deposited By: George Porter
Deposited On:11 Oct 2021 22:51
Last Modified:11 Oct 2021 22:51

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