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Abstract
We search for signatures of gravitational lensing in the gravitational-wave signals from compact binary coalescences detected by Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Advanced Virgo during O3a, the first half of their third observing run. We study: (1) the expected rate of lensing at current detector sensitivity and the implications of a non-observation of strong lensing or a stochastic gravitational-wave background on the merger-rate density at high redshift; (2) how the interpretation of individual high-mass events would change if they were found to be lensed; (3) the possibility of multiple images due to strong lensing by galaxies or galaxy clusters; and (4) possible wave-optics effects due to point-mass microlenses. Several pairs of signals in the multiple-image analysis show similar parameters and, in this sense, are nominally consistent with the strong lensing hypothesis. However, taking into account population priors, selection effects, and the prior odds against lensing, these events do not provide sufficient evidence for lensing. Overall, we find no compelling evidence for lensing in the observed gravitational-wave signals from any of these analyses.
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Additional Information: | © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. Received 2021 May 13; revised 2021 July 19; accepted 2021 August 22; published 2021 December 10. This material is based upon work supported by National Science Foundation's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India; the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India; the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India; the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación; the Vicepresidència i Conselleria d'Innovació Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d'Educació i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears; the Conselleria d'Innovació Universitats; Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; the National Science Centre of Poland and the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP); the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the Russian Science Foundation; the European Commission; the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); the Royal Society; the Scottish Funding Council; the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA); the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO); the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS); Actions de Recherche Concertées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium; the Paris Île-de-France Region; the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH); the National Research Foundation of Korea; the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada; Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI); the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations; the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR); the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong; the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); the Leverhulme Trust; the Research Corporation; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan; the United States Department of Energy; the Kavli Foundation; and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for provisions of the computational resources. We would like to thank all of the essential workers who put their health at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, without whom we would not have been able to complete this work. Software: Analyses in this paper made use of LALSuite (LIGO Scientific Collaboration & Virgo Collaboration 2018), the GstLAL (Cannon et al. 2012; Messick et al. 2017; Sachdev et al.2019; Hanna et al. 2020) and PyCBC (Usman et al. 2016; Nitz et al. 2018, 2019; Davies et al. 2020) pipelines; Bayesian inference with CPNest (Veitch et al. 2020), PyMultinest (Feroz et al. 2009, 2019), Bilby (Ashton et al. 2019; Romero-Shaw et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020), and LALInference (Veitch et al. 2015); as well as the packages NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020), Astropy (Robitaille et al. 2013; Price-Whelan et al. 2018), IPython (Perez & Granger 2007), and ligo.skymap (Singer 2019). Plots were produced with Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), and Seaborn (Waskom et al. 2020). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group: | LIGO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Subject Keywords: | Gravitational wave astronomy; Gravitational wave sources; Astrophysical black holes; Gravitational waves; Gravitational wave detectors; Gravitational lensing; Strong gravitational lensing; Weak gravitational lensing; Gravitational microlensing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issue or Number: | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Classification Code: | Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Gravitational wave astronomy (675); Gravitational wave sources (677); Astrophysical black holes (98); Gravitational waves (678); Gravitational wave detectors (676); Gravitational lensing (670) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DOI: | 10.3847/1538-4357/ac23db | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:20211221-934100700 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persistent URL: | https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211221-934100700 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Official Citation: | R. Abbott et al 2021 ApJ 923 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Usage Policy: | No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ID Code: | 112593 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deposited By: | Tony Diaz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deposited On: | 26 Dec 2021 21:12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Last Modified: | 01 Nov 2022 21:31 |
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