CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

Abazajian, Kevork; Addison, Graeme E.; Adshead, Peter; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Akerib, Daniel; Ali, Aamir; Allen, Steven W.; Alonso, David; Alvarez, Marcelo; Amin, Mustafa A.; Anderson, Adam; Arnold, Kam S.; Ashton, Peter; Baccigalupi, Carlo; Bard, Debbie; Barkats, Denis; Barron, Darcy; Barry, Peter S.; Bartlett, James G.; Basu Thakur, Ritoban; Battaglia, Nicholas; Bean, Rachel; Bebek, Chris; Bender, Amy N.; Benson, Bradford A.; Bianchini, Federico; Bischoff, Colin A.; Bleem, Lindsey; Bock, James J.; Bocquet, Sebastian; Boddy, Kimberly K.; Bond, J. Richard; Borrill, Julian; Bouchet, Francois R.; Brinckmann, Thejs; Brown, Michael L.; Bryan, Sean; Buza, Victor; Byrum, Karen; Hervias Caimapo, Carlos; Calabrese, Erminia; Calafut, Victoria; Caldwell, Robert; Carlstrom, John E.; Carron, Julien; Cecil, Thomas; Challinor, Anthony; Chang, Clarence L.; Chinone, Yuji; Cho, Hsiao-Mei Sherry; Cooray, Asantha; Coulton, Will; Crawford, Thomas M.; Crites, Abigail; Cukierman, Ari; Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan; de Haan, Tijmen; Delabrouille, Jacques; Devlin, Mark; Di Valentino, Eleonora; Dierickx, Marion; Dobbs, Matt; Duff, Shannon; Dvorkin, Cora; Eimer, Joseph; Elleflot, Tucker; Errard, Josquin; Essinger-Hileman, Thomas; Fabbian, Giulio; Feng, Chang; Ferraro, Simone; Filippini, Jeffrey P.; Flauger, Raphael; Flaugher, Brenna; Fraisse, Aurelien A.; Frolov, Andrei; Galitzki, Nicholas; Gallardo, Patricio A.; Galli, Silvia; Ganga, Ken; Gerbino, Martina; Gluscevic, Vera; Goeckner-Wald, Neil; Green, Daniel; Grin, Daniel; Grohs, Evan; Gualtieri, Riccardo; Gudmundsson, Jon E.; Gullett, Ian; Gupta, Nikhel; Habib, Salman; Halpern, Mark; Halverson, Nils W.; Hanany, Shaul; Harrington, Kathleen; Hasegawa, Masaya; Hasselfield, Matthew; Hazumi, Masashi; Heitmann, Katrin; Henderson, Shawn; Hensley, Brandon; Hill, Charles; Hill, J. Colin; Hložek, Renée; Patty Ho, Shuay-Pwu; Hoang, Thuong; Holder, Gil; Holzapfel, William; Hood, John; Hubmayr, Johannes; Huffenberger, Kevin M.; Hui, Howard; Irwin, Kent; Jeong, Oliver; Johnson, Bradley R.; Jones, William C.; Hwan Kang, Jae; Karkare, Kirit S.; Katayama, Nobuhiko; Keskitalo, Reijo; Kisner, Theodore; Knox, Lloyd; Koopman, Brian J.; Kosowsky, Arthur; Kovac, John; Kovetz, Ely D.; Kuhlmann, Steve; Kuo, Chao-lin; Kusaka, Akito; Lähteenmäki, Anne; Lawrence, Charles R.; Lee, Adrian T.; Lewis, Antony; Li, Dale; Linder, Eric; Loverde, Marilena; Lowitz, Amy; Lubin, Phil; Madhavacheril, Mathew S.; Mantz, Adam; Marques, Gabriela; Matsuda, Frederick; Mauskopf, Philip; McCarrick, Heather; McMahon, Jeffrey; Meerburg, P. Daniel; Melin, Jean-Baptiste; Menanteau, Felipe; Meyers, Joel; Millea, Marius; Mohr, Joseph; Moncelsi, Lorenzo; Monzani, Maria; Mroczkowski, Tony; Mukherjee, Suvodip; Nagy, Johanna; Namikawa, Toshiya; Nati, Federico; Natoli, Tyler; Newburgh, Laura; Niemack, Michael D.; Nishino, Haruki; Nord, Brian; Novosad, Valentine; O'Brient, Roger; Padin, Stephen; Palladino, Steven; Partridge, Bruce; Petravick, Don; Pierpaoli, Elena; Pogosian, Levon; Prabhu, Karthik; Pryke, Clement; Puglisi, Giuseppe; Racine, Benjamin; Rahlin, Alexandra; Sathyanarayana Rao, Mayuri; Raveri, Marco; Reichardt, Christian L.; Remazeilles, Mathieu; Rocha, Graça; Roe, Natalie A.; Roy, Anirban; Ruhl, John E.; Salatino, Maria; Saliwanchik, Benjamin; Schaan, Emmanuel; Schillaci, Alessandro; Schmitt, Benjamin; Schmittfull, Marcel M.; Scott, Douglas; Sehgal, Neelima; Shandera, Sarah; Sherwin, Blake D.; Shirokoff, Erik; Simon, Sara M.; Slosar, Anže; Spergel, David; St. Germaine, Tyler; Staggs, Suzanne T.; Stark, Antony; Starkman, Glenn D.; Stompor, Radek; Stoughton, Chris; Suzuki, Aritoki; Tajima, Osamu; Teply, Grant P.; Thompson, Keith; Thorne, Ben; Timbie, Peter; Tomasi, Maurizio; Tristram, Matthieu; Tucker, Gregory; Umiltà, Caterina; van Engelen, Alexander; Vavagiakis, Eve M.; Vieira, Joaquin D.; Vieregg, Abigail G.; Wagoner, Kasey; Wallisch, Benjamin; Wang, Gensheng; Watson, Scott; Westbrook, Ben; Whitehorn, Nathan; Wollack, Edward J.; Wu, W. L. Kimmy; Xu, Zhilei; Yang, H. Y. Eric; Yasini, Siavash; Yefremenko, Volodymyr G.; Won Yoon, Ki; Young, Edward; Yu, Cyndia; Zonca, Andrea; CMB-S4 Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1596

Published February 10, 2022 | Version Submitted + Published

Journal Article Open

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

1. University of California, Irvine
2. Johns Hopkins University
3. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
4. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
5. University of California, Berkeley
6. Stanford University
7. University of Oxford
8. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
9. Rice University
10. Fermilab
11. University of California, San Diego
12. Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
13. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
14. University of New Mexico
15. Argonne National Laboratory
16. University of Paris
17. California Institute of Technology
18. Cornell University
19. University of Chicago
20. University of Melbourne
21. University of Cincinnati
22. Jet Propulsion Lab
23. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
24. The University of Texas at Austin
25. Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
26. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
27. Stony Brook University
28. University of Manchester
29. Arizona State University
30. Florida State University
31. Cardiff University
32. Dartmouth College
33. University of Geneva
34. University of Sussex
35. University of Cambridge
36. University of Tokyo
37. University of Groningen
38. University of Toronto
39. High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
40. University of Science and Technology of China
41. University of Pennsylvania
42. McGill University
43. National Institute of Standards and Technology
44. Harvard University
45. Goddard Space Flight Center
46. Princeton University
47. Simon Fraser University
48. University of Southern California
49. Haverford College
50. Stockholm University
51. Case Western Reserve University
52. University of British Columbia
53. University of Colorado Boulder
54. University of Minnesota
55. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
56. Columbia University
57. University of Virginia
58. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
59. University of California, Davis
60. Yale University
61. University of Pittsburgh
62. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
63. Aalto University
64. University of California, Santa Barbara
65. Perimeter Institute
66. Southern Methodist University
67. European Southern Observatory
68. University of Amsterdam
69. Washington University in St. Louis
70. University of Milano-Bicocca
71. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
72. Institute for Advanced Study
73. Pennsylvania State University
74. Brookhaven National Laboratory
75. Kyoto University
76. University of Wisconsin–Madison
77. University of Milan
78. Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
79. Brown University
80. Syracuse University
81. University of California, Los Angeles
82. Michigan State University

CMB-S4—the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment—is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2–3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5σ, or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL.

Additional Information

© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2020 August 26; revised 2021 June 15; accepted 2021 July 8; published 2022 February 11. The CMB-S4 collaboration (https://cmb-s4.org/) is working to plan, construct, and operate a next-generation, multisite CMB experiment in the 2020s. The collaboration is led by an elected Governing Board, Spokespeople, Committee Chairs, and Executive Team. Funding for the CMB-S4 Integrated Project Office is provided by the Department of Energy's Office of Science (project level CD-0) and by the National Science Foundation through the Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure-R1 award OPP-1935892. This research used resources of Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This document was prepared by the CMB-S4 collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. Work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Work at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. In the United States, work on CMB-S4 by individual investigators has been supported by the National Science Foundation (awards 1248097, 1255358, 1815887, 1835865, 1852617, 2009469), the Department of Energy (awards DE-SC0009919, DE-SC0009946, DE-SC0010129, DE-SC0011784), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (award ATP-80NSSC20K0518). In Australia, the Melbourne authors acknowledge support from an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT150100074). In Canada, R.H. is supported by the Discovery Grants program from NSERC, and acknowledges funding from CIFAR, the Sloan Foundation, and the Dunlap family. In Italy, C.B. acknowledges support under the ASI COSMOS and INFN INDARK programs. In the Netherlands, D.M. acknowledges NWO VIDI award number 639.042.730. In Switzerland, J.C. is supported by an SNSF Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship (No. 186879). In the United Kingdom, A.L., G.F., and J.C. are supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC grant Agreement No. [616170]. A.L. also acknowledges STFC award ST/P000525/1. S.M. is supported by the research program Innovational Research Incentives Scheme (Vernieuwingsimpuls), which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the NWO VIDI grant No. 639.042.612-Nissanke and the Labex ILP (reference ANR-10-LABX-63) part of the Idex SUPER, received financial state aid managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, as part of the program Investissements d'avenir under the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. Some computations in this paper were run on the Odyssey cluster, supported by the FAS Science Division Research Computing Group at Harvard University.

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Eprint ID: 113469
Resolver ID: CaltechAUTHORS:20220216-400348865

Describes: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.12619 (URL)

Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-AC02-06CH11357
NSF
OPP-1935892
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-AC02-07CH11359
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-AC02-05CH11231
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-AC02-76SF00515
NSF
OPP-1248097
NSF
AST-1255358
NSF
AST-1815887
NSF
OAC-1835865
NSF
OPP-1852617
NSF
2009469
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-SC0009919
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-SC0009946
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-SC0010129
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-SC0011784
NASA
80NSSC20K0518
Australian Research Council
FT150100074
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
639.042.730
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
186879
European Research Council (ERC)
616170
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
ST/P000525/1
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
639.042.612-Nissanke
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)
ANR-10-LABX-63
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)
ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02
Harvard University

Created: 2022-02-16

Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated: 2023-07-13

Created from EPrint's last_modified field

Caltech groups: Astronomy Department

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CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

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