Maurice, S. and Chide, B. and Murdoch, N. and Lorenz, R. D. and Mimoun, D. and Wiens, R. C. and Stott, A. and Jacob, X. and Bertrand, T. and Montmessin, F. and Lanza, N. L. and Alvarez-Llamas, C. and Angel, S. M. and Aung, M. and Balaram, J. and Beyssac, O. and Cousin, A. and Delory, G. and Forni, O. and Fouchet, T. and Gasnault, O. and Grip, H. and Hecht, M. and Hoffman, J. and Laserna, J. and Lasue, J. and Maki, J. and McClean, J. and Meslin, P.-Y. and Le Mouélic, S. and Munguira, A. and Newman, C. E. and Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A. and Moros, J. and Ollila, A. and Pilleri, P. and Schröder, S. and de la Torre Juárez, M. and Tzanetos, T. and Stack, K. M. and Farley, K. and Williford, K. and Wiens, R. C. and Acosta-Maeda, T. and Anderson, R. B. and Applin, D. M. and Arana, G. and Bassas-Portus, M. and Beal, R. and Beck, P. and Benzerara, K. and Bernard, S. and Bernardi, P. and Bosak, T. and Bousquet, B. and Brown, A. and Cadu, A. and Caïs, P. and Castro, K. and Clavé, E. and Clegg, S. M. and Cloutis, E. and Connell, S. and Debus, A. and Dehouck, E. and Delapp, D. and Donny, C. and Dorresoundiram, A. and Dromart, G. and Dubois, B. and Fabre, C. and Fau, A. and Fischer, W. and Francis, R. and Frydenvang, J. and Gabriel, T. and Gibbons, E. and Gontijo, I. and Johnson, J. R. and Kalucha, H. and Kelly, E. and Knutsen, E. W. and Lacombe, G. and Le Mouélic, S. and Legett, C. and Leveille, R. and Lewin, E. and Lopez-Reyes, G. and Lorigny, E. and Madariaga, J. M. and Madsen, M. and Madsen, S. and Mandon, L. and Mangold, N. and Mann, M. and Manrique, J.-A. and Martinez-Frias, J. and Mayhew, L. E. and McConnochie, T. and McLennan, S. M. and Melikechi, N. and Meunier, F. and Montagnac, G. and Mousset, V. and Nelson, T. and Newell, R. T. and Parot, Y. and Pilorget, C. and Pinet, P. and Pont, G. and Poulet, F. and Quantin-Nataf, C. and Quertier, B. and Rapin, W. and Reyes-Newell, A. and Robinson, S. and Rochas, L. and Royer, C. and Rull, F. and Sautter, V. and Sharma, S. and Shridar, V. and Sournac, A. and Toplis, M. and Torre-Fdez, I. and Turenne, N. and Udry, A. and Veneranda, M. and Venhaus, D. and Vogt, D. and Willis, P. (2022) In situ recording of Mars soundscape. Nature, 605 (7911). pp. 653-658. ISSN 0028-0836. PMCID PMC9132769. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04679-0. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220413-335750200
![[img]](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png) |
PDF
- Published Version
Creative Commons Attribution. 6MB | |
|
PDF
- Erratum
Creative Commons Attribution. 656kB | |
![[img]](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/114272/3/41586_2022_4679_Fig5_ESM.webp) |
Image (JPEG) (Extended Data Fig. 1: Artificial sounds recorded by Perseverance)
- Supplemental Material
Creative Commons Attribution. 289kB | |
![[img]](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/114272/4/41586_2022_4679_Fig6_ESM.webp) |
Image (JPEG) (Extended Data Fig. 2: Recording of laser-induced shock wave)
- Supplemental Material
Creative Commons Attribution. 76kB | |
![[img]](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/114272/5/41586_2022_4679_Fig7_ESM.webp) |
Image (JPEG) (Extended Data Fig. 3: Recording of the BPF of Ingenuity’s fourth flight)
- Supplemental Material
Creative Commons Attribution. 101kB | |
![[img]](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/114272/6/41586_2022_4679_Tab1_ESM.jpg)
|
Image (JPEG) (Extended Data Table 1 List of audio recordings used in this study)
- Supplemental Material
Creative Commons Attribution. 98kB | |
![[img]](https://authors.library.caltech.edu/114272/7/41586_2022_4679_Tab2_ESM.jpg)
|
Image (JPEG) (Extended Data Table 2 Origin and characteristics of the dataset used in this study)
- Supplemental Material
Creative Commons Attribution. 76kB |
Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220413-335750200
Abstract
Before the Perseverance rover landing, the acoustic environment of Mars was unknown. Models predicted that: (1) atmospheric turbulence changes at centimetre scales or smaller at the point where molecular viscosity converts kinetic energy into heat, (2) the speed of sound varies at the surface with frequency and (3) high-frequency waves are strongly attenuated with distance in CO₂ (refs. 2,3,4). However, theoretical models were uncertain because of a lack of experimental data at low pressure and the difficulty to characterize turbulence or attenuation in a closed environment. Here, using Perseverance microphone recordings, we present the first characterization of the acoustic environment on Mars and pressure fluctuations in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. We find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, showing a dissipative regime extending over five orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), we highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are about 10 m s⁻¹ apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO₂-dominated atmosphere. We also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing us to explain the large contribution of the CO₂ vibrational relaxation in the audible range. These results establish a ground truth for the modelling of acoustic processes, which is critical for studies in atmospheres such as those of Mars and Venus.
| Item Type: | Article | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Related URLs: |
| |||||||||||||||
| ORCID: | ||||||||||||||||
| Additional Information: | © The Author(s) 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Received 07 December 2021; Accepted 23 March 2022; Published 01 April 2022. Many people helped with this project in addition to the co-authors, including hardware and operation teams, and we are most grateful for their support. This project was supported in the USA by NASA’s Mars Exploration Program and in France is conducted under the authority of CNES. The work of A. Munguira is supported by grant PID2019-109467GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Data availability: All acoustic data are publicly available at the Planetary Data System Geosciences Node: https://doi.org/10.17189/1522646. Contributions: S.M. and B.C. equally led the writing of the manuscript. S.M., B.C., N.M., R.D.L., A.S., X.J., T.B. and F.M. performed data processing and interpreted the data. D.M. is the lead of SuperCam’s microphone, R.C.W. the lead of the SuperCam investigation, and N.L.L. and B.C. the leads of the SuperCam Acoustics Working Group. Other investigations provided data and support to this study: J.M. is the lead of EDL’s microphone; M.A., J.B., H.G. and T.T. are leading the Ingenuity project; M.H., J.H. and J.McClean are leading the MOXIE investigation; J.A.R.M., M.dlT.J. and C.E.N. are leading the MEDA investigation and mission atmospheric working group. All other co-authors provided helpful comments and inputs to the manuscript. The SuperCam team built the instrument, helps daily to operate it and to process and interpret the data. The authors declare no competing interests. Peer review information: Nature thanks Andi Petculescu, Peter Read and Roger Waxler for their contribution to the peer review of this work. | |||||||||||||||
| Errata: | Maurice, S., Chide, B., Murdoch, N. et al. Author Correction: In situ recording of Mars soundscape. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05050-z | |||||||||||||||
| Funders: |
| |||||||||||||||
| Subject Keywords: | Atmospheric dynamics; Characterization and analytical techniques | |||||||||||||||
| Issue or Number: | 7911 | |||||||||||||||
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC9132769 | |||||||||||||||
| DOI: | 10.1038/s41586-022-04679-0 | |||||||||||||||
| Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:20220413-335750200 | |||||||||||||||
| Persistent URL: | https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220413-335750200 | |||||||||||||||
| Official Citation: | Maurice, S., Chide, B., Murdoch, N. et al. In situ recording of Mars soundscape. Nature 605, 653–658 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04679-0 | |||||||||||||||
| Usage Policy: | No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided. | |||||||||||||||
| ID Code: | 114272 | |||||||||||||||
| Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS | |||||||||||||||
| Deposited By: | Tony Diaz | |||||||||||||||
| Deposited On: | 13 Apr 2022 21:40 | |||||||||||||||
| Last Modified: | 25 Jul 2022 18:55 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page
