Chen, Dan and Rothenberg, Ellen V. (1994) Interleukin 2 transcription factors as molecular targets of cAMP inhibition: delayed inhibition kinetics and combinatorial transcription roles. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 179 (3). pp. 931-942. ISSN 0022-1007. PMCID PMC2191402. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120221-083046033
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Abstract
Elevation of cAMP can cause gene-specific inhibition of interleukin 2 (IL-2) expression. To investigate the mechanism of this effect, we have combined electrophoretic mobility shift assays and in vivo genomic footprinting to assess both the availability of putative IL-2 transcription factors in forskolin-treated cells and the functional capacity of these factors to engage their sites in vivo. All observed effects of forskolin depended upon protein kinase A, for they were blocked by introduction of a dominant negative mutant subunit of protein kinase A. In the EL4.E1 cell line, we report specific inhibitory effects of cAMP elevation both on NF-κB/Rel family factors binding at -200 bp, and on a novel, biochemically distinct "TGGGC" factor binding at -225 bp with respect to the IL-2 transcriptional start site. Neither NF-AT nor AP-1 binding activities are detectably inhibited in gel mobility shift assays. Elevation of cAMP inhibits NF-κB activity with delayed kinetics in association with a delayed inhibition of IL-2 RNA accumulation. Activation of cells in the presence of forskolin prevents the maintenance of stable protein-DNA interactions in vivo, not only at the NF-κB and TGGGC sites of the IL-2 enhancer, but also at the NF-AT, AP-1, and other sites. This result, and similar results in cyclosporin A-treated cells, imply that individual IL-2 transcription factors cannot stably bind their target sequences in vivo without coengagement of all other distinct factors at neighboring sites. It is proposed that nonhierarchical, cooperative enhancement of binding is a structural basis of combinatorial transcription factor action at the IL-2 locus.
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Additional Information: | © 1994 The Rockefeller University Press. Received for publication 22 October 1993 and in revised form 9 December 1993. This work was supported by U.S. Public Health Service grants CA-39605 and AI-34041. The oligonucleotide probes were synthesized by the Caltech Biopolymer synthesis facility, which was supported by the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, National Cancer Institute Cancer Center grant CA-32911, and the Beckman Institute at Caltech. | ||||||||||||
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Issue or Number: | 3 | ||||||||||||
PubMed Central ID: | PMC2191402 | ||||||||||||
Record Number: | CaltechAUTHORS:20120221-083046033 | ||||||||||||
Persistent URL: | https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120221-083046033 | ||||||||||||
Usage Policy: | Beginning six months after publication, RUP grants the public the nonexclusive right to copy, distribute, or display the Work under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode. | ||||||||||||
ID Code: | 29382 | ||||||||||||
Collection: | CaltechAUTHORS | ||||||||||||
Deposited By: | Tony Diaz | ||||||||||||
Deposited On: | 22 Feb 2012 00:39 | ||||||||||||
Last Modified: | 08 Jul 2020 21:54 |
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