Electromechanical behavior of 90-degree domain motion in barium titanate single crystals

It is well known that many common ferroelectric materials are also ferroelastic, thus the nonlinear behavior of these materials, as governed by domain motion, is highly affected by stress, as well as electric field. The combined influence of stress and electric field on domain motion and the electrostrictive response of ferroelectric single crystals is investigated. Experiments are performed on (001) and (100) oriented single crystals of barium titanate under combined electro-mechanical loading. The crystal is exposed to a constant compressive stress and an oscillating electric field along the [001] direction. Global deformation and polarization are measured as a function of electric field at different values of compressive stress. The use of semi-transparent electrodes and transmitted illumination allow in situ, real-time microscopic observations of domain motion using a long working-distance, polarizing microscope. The combined electro-mechanical loading results in a cycle of stress and electric field induced 90-degree domain switching. The magnitude of the global deformation increases with stress, with maximum steady state actuation strain of 0.57%.