Quantum Speed-ups for Semidefinite Programming

Abstract

We give a quantum algorithm for solving semidefinite programs (SDPs). It has worst case running time n^(1/2)m^(1/2)S^2 poly(log(n), log(m), R, r, 1/δ), with n and s the dimension and sparsity of the input matrices, respectively, m the number of constraints, δ the accuracy of the solution, and R, r upper bounds on the size of the optimal primal and dual solutions. This gives a square-root unconditional speed-up over any classical method for solving SDPs both in n and m. We prove the algorithm cannot be substantially improved giving a Ω(n^(1/2) + m^(1/2)) quantum lower bound for solving semidefinite programs with constant s, R, r and δ. We then argue that in some instances the algorithm offer even exponential speed-ups. This is the case whenever the quantum Gibbs states of Hamiltonians given by linear combinations of the input matrices of the SDP can be prepared efficiently on a quantum computer. An example are SDPs in which the input matrices have low-rank: For SDPs with the maximum rank of any input matrix bounded by rank, we show the quantum algorithm runs in time poly(log(n), log(m), rank, r, R, δ)m^(1/2). The quantum algorithm is constructed by a combination of quantum Gibbs sampling and the multiplicative weight method. In particular it is based on an classical algorithm of Arora and Kale for approximately solving SDPs. We present a modification of their algorithm to eliminate the need of solving an inner linear program which may be of independent interest.