Dust on a Hawaiian volcano: A regional model using field measurements to estimate transport and deposition

Abstract

The western slopes of Hawaii's Mauna Kea volcano are mantled by fine‐grained soils, the record of volcanic airfall and eolian deposition. Where exposed, strong winds transport this sediment across West Hawaii, affecting tourism and local communities with decreased air and water quality. Operations on US Army's Ke'amuku Maneuver Area (KMA) have the potential to increase dust flux from these deposits. The USGS established 18 ground monitoring sites and sampling locations surrounding KMA. For over 3 years, each station measured vertical and horizontal dust flux, while co‐located anemometers measured wind speed and direction. We used these datasets to develop a parsimonious regional model for dust supply and transport to assess whether KMA is a net dust sink or source. We found that dust transport is most highly correlated with threshold wind speeds of 8 m/s. We used this value as the regional average threshold wind speed for dust entrainment. Using a model that partitions measured horizontal dust flux into inward‐ and outward‐directed components, we estimate that KMA is currently a net dust sink. Geochemical analysis of dust samples illustrates that local organics and carbonate make up 64% of dust mass, the remainder being volcanic silt and fine sand. Measured vertical dust deposition rates of 0.006 mm/yr are similar to 0.004 mm/yr of deposition predicted from taking the divergence of dust across KMA's boundary. These rates are low compared with pre‐historic rates of ~0.2–0.3 mm/yr, from radiocarbon dating of buried soils. KMA's soils record persistent deposition over millennia, at rates that imply episodic dust storms. Such events created a soil‐mantled landscape in the middle of a largely Pleistocene rocky landscape. A substantial portion of fine‐grained soils in other leeward Hawaiian Island landscapes may have formed from similar eolian deposition, and not direct weathering of parent rock. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.