Locality at the Boundary Implies Gap in the Bulk for 2D PEPS

Abstract

Proving that the parent Hamiltonian of a Projected Entangled Pair State (PEPS) is gapped remains an important open problem. We take a step forward in solving this problem by showing two results: first, we identify an approximate factorization condition on the boundary state of rectangular subregions that is sufficient to prove that the parent Hamiltonian of the bulk 2D PEPS has a constant gap in the thermodynamic limit; second, we then show that Gibbs state of a local, finite-range Hamiltonian satisfy such condition. The proof applies to the case of injective and MPO-injective PEPS, employs the martingale method of nearly commuting projectors, and exploits a result of Araki (Commun Math Phys 14(2):120–157, 1969) on the robustness of one dimensional Gibbs states. Our result provides one of the first rigorous connections between boundary theories and dynamical properties in an interacting many body system.