1
-
Pelagic calcium carbon
ate production and shallow dissolution in the North Pacific Ocean
Supplementary Information
Patrizia Ziveri
1,2,3*
, William Robert Gray
4,5,*
, Griselda Anglada
-
Ortiz
1,6
, Clara Manno
7
,
Michael
Grelaud
1
, Alessandro Incarbona
8
,
James William Buchanan Rae
5
,
Adam V. Subhas
9
, Sven
Pallacks
1
, Angelicque White
10
, Jess F. Adkins
11
, William Berelson
12
1
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology,
Barcelona, Spain
2
Catalan Institution for Resea
rch and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
3
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
, BABVE Department, Barcelona
, Spain
4
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Universit
é Paris
-
Saclay,
Gif
-
sur
-
Yvette
, France
5
University of St Andrews, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, St Andrews, United
Kingdom
6
Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), Department of Geosciences,
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
7
British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environmental Research Council
, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
8
Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Palermo, Italy
9
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutio
n,
Woods Hole, MA, United States
10
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University
of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
11
Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, Linde Center for Global Environmental
Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
12
University of Southern California, Department of Earth Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United
States
*these authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Patrizia.Ziveri@uab.cat
and
william.gray@lsce.ipsl.fr
The data from this study are available online in a machine readable format at
https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.948508
.
2
-
Table S1a:
Station locations for the CDisK
-
IV cruise CTD casts used for
coccolithophore
analysis. Station 1 was conducted at Station ALOHA/HOT (22°45’0.0” N, 158°0’0.0” W);
Station 5 was conducted near ocean station PAPA (50°6’0.0” N, 144°54’0.0” W). Floating
sediment traps sites were deployed near CTD stations.
Station
Latit
ude
Longitude
Date
Starting Time
1
22°45’14.4” N
157°58’40.8” W
1/08/2017
19:07
2
27°43’58.8” N
155°15’0.0” W
5/08/2017
23:31
3
35°16’1.2” N
150°58’58.8” W
13/08/2017
02:56
4
41°45’0.0” N
148°15’0.0” W
16/08/2017
22:50
5
49°49’58.8” N
149°13’1.2” W
21/08/2017
11:12
Table S1b:
Station locations for the CDisK
-
IV cruise oblique plankton tow sampling. Stations
where coccolithophore biomass was measured are indicated with *. Station 1 was conducted at
Station ALOHA/HOT (22°45’0.0” N, 158
°0’0.0” W); Station 5 was conducted near ocean
station PAPA (50°6’0.0” N, 144°54’0.0” W).
Station
Date
Time
start
Time
end
Lat
start
(°N)
Lat end
(°N)
Lon
start
(°W)
Lon end
(°W)
target
depth
(m)
Seawater
volume
(m3)
1*
3/8/17
03:50
04:30
22°45.2
47'
22°45.1
91'
157°58.6
96'
157°58.7
53'
0
-
300
87.20
2*
6/8/17
09:26
10:11
27°44.4
51'
27°44.0
73'
155°15.1
96'
155°14.6
34'
0
-
300
142.49
2.5
11/8/17
17:55
18:29
31°30.6
44'
31°30.8
36'
153°29.5
26'
153°29.3
52'
0
-
300
74.06
3*
13/8/17
04:45
05:22
35°16.3
46'
35°16.8
10'
150°59.7
54'
150°59.5
22'
0
-
250
74.25
3.5
16/8/17
02:55
03:30
38°29.7
10'
38°30.1
45'
149°37.8
76'
149°37.7
16'
0
-
200
66.02
4*
17/8/17
03:12
03:30
41°45.7
14'
41°45.4
90'
148°15.6
97'
148°16.1
08'
0
-
200
44.69
4.5
20/8/17
10:53
11:32
45°54.0
11'
45°55.3
08'
148°53.6
96'
148°52.8
11'
0
-
150
313.13
5*
24/8/17
05:36
06:05
49°49.2
85'
49°50.7
7'
149°12.9
01'
149°13.6
12'
0
-
150
56.12
6.5
28/8/17
10:23
10:58
58°53.7
01'
58°54.5
33'
149°32.6
87'
149°31.7
15'
0
-
125
190.26
3
-
Table S2
:
CaCO
3
standing stocks (mg m
-
2
) of the different of planktic calcifying groups
considered in this study, numbers in italic refer to the 1σ, numbers in parenthesis refer to CaCO
3
standing stocks in mmol m
-
2
.
Station
Pteropods
Heteropods
Foraminifers
Coccoli
thophores
1
111.00
(1.11)
15.65
3.16
(0.03)
0.45
36.67
(0.37)
1.47
750.42
(7.50)
67.54
2
63.68
(0.64)
8.98
8.42
(0.08)
1.19
8.70
(0.09)
0.35
478.84
(4.78)
43.10
2.5
231.3
(2.31)
32.6
81.6
(0.82)
11.5
4.73
(0.05)
0.19
No data
3
78.89
(0.79)
11.12
4.17
(0.04)
0.59
1.38
(0.01)
0.06
2173.28
(21.71)
195.60
3.5
70.72
(0.71)
9.97
2.64
(0.03)
0.37
3.20
(0.03)
0.13
No data
4
215.29
(2.15)
30.36
24.76
(0.25)
3.49
404.44
(4.04)
16.18
1047.05
(10.46)
94.23
4.5
147.75
(1.48)
20.83
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
1.19
(0.01)
0.05
No data
5
1306.44
(13.05)
184.21
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
182.22
(1.82)
7.29
3045.58
(30.43)
274.10
6.5
93.45
0.93
13.18
0.00
(0.00)
0.00
3.75
(0.04)
0.15
No data
4
-
Table S3:
Living coccolithophores CaCO
3
standing stocks (mg m
-
3
). Numbers in parenthesis
refer to CaCO
3
standing stocks in mmol m
-
3
.
Depth (m)
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
5
-
4.170
(0.042)
4.188
(0.042)
15.837
(0.158)
44.565
(0.445)
6
1.860
(0.019)
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
8.161
(0.082)
-
-
10
-
-
-
-
26.717
(0.267)
20
-
-
-
21.737
(0.217)
60.478
(0.604)
23
-
-
12.365
(0.124)
-
-
30
6.845
(0.068)
2.628
(0.026)
-
17.717
(0.177)
110.621
(1.105)
50
3.409
(0.034)
0.032
(0.000)
6.604
(0.066)
9.051
(0.090)
19.756
(0.197)
75
3.436
(0.034)
1.442
(0.014)
48.043
(0.480)
3.513
(0.035)
0.000
(0.000)
100
10.989
(0.110)
1.533
(0.015)
17.764
(0.177)
3.034
(0.030)
0.000
(0.000)
120
4.402
(0.044)
9.287
(0.093)
2.832
(0.028)
-
-
125
-
-
-
0.938
(0.009)
0.171
(0.002)
150
-
2.094
(0.021)
1.130
(0.011)
0.013
(0.000)
0.172
(0.002)
175
0.134
(0.001)
0.177
(0.002)
-
-
-
200
0.009
(0.000)
0.007
(0.000)
-
-
-
5
-
Table S4:
Detached coccolith CaCO
3
standing stocks (mg m
-
3
). Numbers in parenthesis refer to
CaCO
3
standing stocks in mmol m
-
3
.
Depth (m)
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
5
-
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
28.447
(0.284)
6
0.000
(0.000)
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
0.000
(0.000)
-
-
10
-
-
-
-
26.871
(0.268)
20
-
-
-
5.255
(0.053)
55.253
(0.552)
23
-
-
27.777
(0.278)
-
-
30
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
-
4.246
(0.042)
64.393
(0.643)
50
1.033
(0.010)
0.000
(0.000)
43.873
(0.438)
3.848
(0.038)
22.726
(0.227)
75
0.000
(0.000)
3.417
(0.034)
37.263
(0.372)
8.084
(0.081)
0.000
(0.000)
100
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
11.587
(0.116)
4.075
(0.041)
0.442
(0.004)
120
3.505
(0.035)
4.329
(0.043)
23.489
(0.235)
-
-
125
-
-
-
3.127
(0.031)
0.000
(0.000)
150
-
0.000
(0.000)
19.469
(0.195)
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
175
0.000
(0.000)
0.000
(0.000)
-
-
-
200
0.000
(0.000)
2.462
(0.025)
-
-
-
6
-
Tab
le S5
:
Seasonally corrected
annual CaCO
3
production (mg CaCO
3
m
-
2
yr
-
1
) of the different groups of planktic calcifiers considered in this study. Numbers
in parenthesis refer to CaCO
3
production in mmol m
-
2
yr
-
1
and numbers in italic refer to lower and upper estimates for each group and sample.
Uncorrected
total production values presented in Table S7.
Station
Pteropods
Heteropods
Foraminifers
Coccolithophores
Calcite
Aragonite
Total
1
Estimate
3214.93
(32.12)
91.04 (0.91)
456.07 (4.56)
34337.41 (343.08)
34838.62 (348.08)
3316.08 (33.13)
38669.64 (386.36)
Lower
1845.90 (18.44)
52.51 (0.52)
302.16 (3.02)
17880.99 (178.65)
18383.56 (183.68)
1946.04 (19.44)
21735.37 (217.16)
Upper
6800.73
(67.95)
192.53 (1.92)
865.64 (8.65)
203735.52 (2035.59)
204261.05 (2040.84)
6901.22 (68.95)
208798.15 (2086.17)
2
Estimate
1640.15 (16.39)
217.52 (2.17)
99.37 (0.99)
20163.66 (201.46)
20276.81 (202.59)
1882.99 (18.81)
22396.91 (223.77)
Lower
949.54 (9.49)
126.11 (1.26)
65.74 (0.66)
10474.07 (104.65)
10583.89 (105.75)
1157.73 (11.57)
12458.02 (124.47)
Upper
3482.53 (34.80)
455.80 (4.55)
188.05 (1.88)
118923.06 (1188.20)
119021.33 (1189.18)
3747.52 (37.44)
121254.12 (1211.49)
3
Estimate
1758.73 (17.57)
92.52 (0.92)
14.73 (0.15)
85514.85 (854.41)
85533.96 (854.60)
1860.15 (18.59)
87676.44 (876.00)
Lower
996.85 (9.96)
53.06 (0.53)
9.75 (0.10)
44547.77 (445.09)
44558.82 (445.20)
1093.86 (10.93)
46718.30 (466.78)
Upper
3705.76 (37.03)
194.82 (1.95)
27.88 (0.28)
500982.70 (5005.48)
500994.38 (5005.59)
3825.77 (38.22)
504621.20 (5041.83)
4
Estimate
4261.75 (42.58)
488.51 (4.88)
8409.36 (84.02)
80424.07 (803.54)
89649.24 (895.71)
4812.21 (48.08)
95160.98 (950.78)
Lower
2483.24 (24.81)
280.08 (2.80)
5567.34 (55.63)
42097.33 (420.61)
50349.81 (503.06)
2965.22 (29.63)
55225.33 (551.77)
Upper
9022.38 (90.15)
1029.52 (10.29)
15997.22 (158.83)
478909.88 (4784.94)
487745.88 (4873.22)
9558.64 (95.50)
493012.88
(4925.85)
5
Estimate
22801.34 (227.82)
0.00 (0.00)
964.14 (9.63)
59475.17 (594.24)
60528.86 (604.76)
22801.34 (227.82)
87934.63 (878.58)
Lower
13052.48 (130.41)
0.00 (0.00)
639.74 (6.39)
31036.70 (310.10)
32048.34 (320.21)
13052.48 (130.41)
50917.99 (508.74)
Upper
48154.64 (481.13)
0.00 (0.00)
1829.17 (18.28)
348520.60 (3482.18)
349260.93 (3489.58
48154.64 (481.13)
375499.60 (3751.74)
7
-
Table S6:
standing stocks (ind m
-
2
and ind m
-
3
) of
the different planktic calcifying groups
considered in this study. Numbers in italic refer to the 1σ.
Station
Pteropods
Heteropods
Foraminifers
1
ind.m
-
2
6101.8
482.0
2288.2
180.8
16652.9
2164.9
ind.m
-
3
22.02
1.74
8.26
0.65
60.09
7.81
2
ind.m
-
2
12420.1
981.2
3579.3
282.8
13422.3
1744.9
ind.m
-
3
38.96
3.08
11.23
0.89
42.11
5.47
2.5
ind.m
-
2
6275.2
495.7
3176.3
250.9
1781.8
231.6
ind.m
-
3
21.87
1.73
11.07
0.87
6.21
0.81
3
ind.m
-
2
8006.3
632.5
1103.4
87.2
3502.8
455.4
ind.m
-
3
33.62
2.66
4.63
0.37
14.71
1.91
3.5
ind.m
-
2
3985.4
314.8
2277.4
179.9
2135.0
277.6
ind.m
-
3
16.96
1.34
9.69
0.77
9.09
1.18
4
ind.m
-
2
25571.4
2020.1
9421.0
744.3
189262.0
24604.1
ind.m
-
3
108.85
8.60
40.10
3.17
805.63
104.73
4.5
ind.m
-
2
5933.7
468.8
0.0
0.0
274.0
35.6
ind.m
-
3
44.26
3.50
0.00
0.00
2.04
0.27
5
ind.m
-
2
121686.0
9613.2
0.0
0.0
255730.7
33245.0
ind.m
-
3
802.92
63.43
0.00
0.00
1687.39
219.36
6.5
ind.m
-
2
5817.3
459.6
0.0
0.0
792.0
103.0
ind.m
-
3
44.78
3.54
0.00
0.00
6.10
0.79
Table S7:
Satellite
-
derived PIC for August 2017. The data were extracted using the “Pixel
Extraction” tool from SeaDAS (version 7.5.3;
https://seadas.gsfc.nasa.gov/
). The coordinates
used to extract the satellite
-
derived PIC data correspond to the exact location where the samples
were collected. The data were extracted from a 3x3 pixels window centred on each station's
location and averaged. Surface cocco CaCO3 is both the living cocco
lithophores and detached
coccoliths CaCO
3
standing stocks. Total CaCO3 production is uncorrected for seasonal bias (i.e.
production estimate at the time of sampling). These data are plotted in Figure S2.
Station
Latitude
Longitude
satellite
-
derived
PIC
(mol.m
-
3
)
PIC (mg.m
-
3
)
Sigma PIC
(mol.m
-
3
)
Sigma PIC
(mg.m
-
3
)
Surface cocco
CaCO
3
(mg.m
-
3
)
Surface cocco
CaCO
3
(mmol.m
-
3
)
Total CaCO
3
production
uncorrected for
seasonal bias
(mol m
-
2
yr
-
1
95% CI range
1
22.7574
-
157.9798
0.04622
4.6260
0.00474
0.4742
1.860
0.01858
0.6
0.3
-
3.1
2
27.7428
-
153.2547
0.04978
4.9819
0.00367
0.3670
4.170
0.04166
0.4
0.2
-
2.0
3
35.2652
-
150.9985
0.06289
6.2941
0.00686
0.6870
4.188
0.04184
1.5
0.8
-
8.8
4
41.7422
-
148.2997
0.08844
8.8519
0.00921
0.9215
15.837
0.15823
0.9
0.5
-
4.5
5
49.6701
-
149.5841
0.68644
68.7039
0.08349
8.3564
73.012
0.72949
2.
66
1.5
-
12.
6
8
-
Supplementary
Figure S1:
Scatter plot of coccosphere
CaCO
3
standing stock versus CTD
fluorescence at the 5 stations. The colored lines show linear regressions with data from the
individual stations, and the black line is a regression of data from all stations combined.
9
-
Supplementary
Figure
S2 (
a)
Standing stock of coccosphere and coccolith
CaCO
3
at the first
sampling depth (~5 m) and satellite PIC for August 2017 (mg CaCO
3
m
-
3
; Table S7
); solid line
and shaded area shows least squares regression, and the 1:1 line is shown by the dashed
line.
(b)
total
CaCO
3
production rate at the time of sampling (i.e. not corrected for seasonal bias)
versus satellite PIC for August 2017; solid line and
shaded area shows least squares regression
(
annual production CaCO
3
(mol m
2
yr) = 0.65 + 0.03*satellite PIC (mg
m
3
); R
2
=0.71, p<0.05,
standard error = 0.3 mol m
-
2
yr
-
1
).
The data to reproduce this figure are given in Table S
7
.
10
-
Supplementary Figure S3:
Scatter
plot of detached coccolith
CaCO
3
and coccosphere
CaCO
3
standing stocks in the 5 stations.
11
-
S
upplementary Figure S
4
: (upper)
comparison of coccolithophore biomass in C
-
Disk
-
IV to
MAREDAT
compilation (1, 2), in μg
POC/l.
(lower)
comparison foraminiferal integrated
biomass in
C
-
Disk
-
IV samples to previously published data from the North Pacific, in
#individual foraminifera m
-
2
.
12
-
Supplementary Figure S
5
:
Standing
stock of different calcifying groups in plankton net tows
across all sites
(a)
concentration of number of indi
viduals (log scale)
(b)
vertically integrated
number of individuals (log scale) and
(c)
concentration of mass of CaCO
3
(log scale)
(d)
vertically integrated mass of
CaCO
3
(log scale)
. STG, TZ, SPG, AM are subtropical gyre,
transition zone, subpolar gyre,
and Alaskan margin, respectively.
13
-
Supplementary Figure S
6
:
Probability density of Pteropod biomass using the Global
compilation of (3) showing data from the
(left)
upper 250 m, and
(right)
upper 1000 m. The 32
-
68% confidence interval is
shaded red, the 50th percentile is shown by the red line, and the
value with the highest individual probability (Pmax) is shown in orange. The ‘global mean’
value of 23.17 mg m
-
3 reported by (3) is shown by the blue star. Our analysis shows the
compiled da
taset is highly skewed (Skewness = 13.3), hence the mean is not a useful statistic to
describe the data.
14
-
Supplementary Figure
S
7
:
(a
-
e)
Satellite PIC (mg CaCO
3
m
-
3
)
(4)
versus julian day;
small/faint symbols show monthly data for 2002
-
2019, large/heavy
symbols show monthly data
for 2017 (year of the sampling campaign of this study), and solid line shows climatology
(f)
satellite PIC
versus julian day shown as a ratio relative to August; dashed line shows
climatology relative to August climatology, and so
lid line shows climatology relative to August
2017 (year of the sampling campaign of this study).