Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

Morvan, A.; Andersen, T. I.; Mi, X.; Neill, C.; Petukhov, A.; Kechedzhi, K.; Abanin, D. A.; Michailidis, A.; Acharya, R.; Arute, F.; Arya, K.; Asfaw, A.; Atalaya, J.; Bardin, J. C.; Basso, J.; Bengtsson, A.; Bortoli, G.; Bourassa, A.; Bovaird, J.; Brill, L.; Broughton, M.; Buckley, B. B.; Buell, D. A.; Burger, T.; Burkett, B.; Bushnell, N.; Chen, Z.; Chiaro, B.; Collins, R.; Conner, P.; Courtney, W.; Crook, A. L.; Curtin, B.; Debroy, D. M.; Del Toro Barba, A.; Demura, S.; Dunsworth, A.; Eppens, D.; Erickson, C.; Faoro, L.; Farhi, E.; Fatemi, R.; Flores Burgos, L.; Forati, E.; Fowler, A. G.; Foxen, B.; Giang, W.; Gidney, C.; Gilboa, D.; Giustina, M.; Grajales Dau, A.; Gross, J. A.; Habegger, S.; Hamilton, M. C.; Harrigan, M. P.; Harrington, S. D.; Hoffmann, M.; Hong, S.; Huang, T.; Huff, A.; Huggins, W. J.; Isakov, S. V.; Iveland, J.; Jeffrey, E.; Jiang, Z.; Jones, C.; Juhas, P.; Kafri, D.; Khattar, T.; Khezri, M.; Kieferová, M.; Kim, S.; Kitaev, A. Y.; Klimov, P. V.; Klots, A. R.; Korotkov, A. N.; Kostritsa, F.; Kreikebaum, J. M.; Landhuis, D.; Laptev, P.; Lau, K.-M.; Laws, L.; Lee, J.; Lee, K. W.; Lester, B. J.; Lill, A. T.; Liu, W.; Locharla, A.; Malone, F.; Martin, O.; McClean, J. R.; McEwen, M.; Meurer Costa, B.; Miao, K. C.; Mohseni, M.; Montazeri, S.; Mount, E.; Mruczkiewicz, W.; Naaman, O.; Neeley, M.; Nersisyan, A.; Newman, M.; Nguyen, A.; Nguyen, M.; Niu, M. Y.; O'Brien, T. E.; Olenewa, R.; Opremcak, A.; Potter, R.; Quintana, C.; Rubin, N. C.; Saei, N.; Sank, D.; Sankaragomathi, K.; Satzinger, K. J.; Schurkus, H. F.; Schuster, C.; Shearn, M. J.; Shorter, A.; Shvarts, V.; Skruzny, J.; Smith, W. C.; Strain, D.; Sterling, G.; Su, Y.; Szalay, M.; Torres, A.; Vidal, G.; Villalonga, B.; Vollgraff-Heidweiller, C.; White, T.; Xing, C.; Yao, Z.; Yeh, P.; Yoo, J.; Zalcman, A.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, N.; Neven, H.; Bacon, D.; Hilton, J.; Lucero, E.; Babbush, R.; Boixo, S.; Megrant, A.; Kelly, J.; Chen, Y.; Smelyanskiy, V.; Aleiner, I.; Ioffe, L. B.; Roushan, P.

doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05348-y

Published December 8, 2022 | Version Supplemental Material + Published

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Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

1. Google (United States)
2. University of Geneva
3. University of Massachusetts Amherst
4. University of Technology Sydney
5. California Institute of Technology
6. University of California, Riverside
7. University of California, Santa Barbara

Systems of correlated particles appear in many fields of modern science and represent some of the most intractable computational problems in nature. The computational challenge in these systems arises when interactions become comparable to other energy scales, which makes the state of each particle depend on all other particles. The lack of general solutions for the three-body problem and acceptable theory for strongly correlated electrons shows that our understanding of correlated systems fades when the particle number or the interaction strength increases. One of the hallmarks of interacting systems is the formation of multiparticle bound states. Here we develop a high-fidelity parameterizable fSim gate and implement the periodic quantum circuit of the spin-½ XXZ model in a ring of 24 superconducting qubits. We study the propagation of these excitations and observe their bound nature for up to five photons. We devise a phase-sensitive method for constructing the few-body spectrum of the bound states and extract their pseudo-charge by introducing a synthetic flux. By introducing interactions between the ring and additional qubits, we observe an unexpected resilience of the bound states to integrability breaking. This finding goes against the idea that bound states in non-integrable systems are unstable when their energies overlap with the continuum spectrum. Our work provides experimental evidence for bound states of interacting photons and discovers their stability beyond the integrability limit.

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© The Author(s) 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Contributions. A. Morvan, C.N., I.A., L.B.I. and P.R. designed the experiment. A. Morvan and T.I.A. performed the experiment and analysed the data and wrote the supplement. K.K., D.A.A., I.A. and L.B.I. provided theoretical support and analysis. A. Morvan, T.A., X.M., C.N. and A.P. developed the calibration of the fSim gate. D.A.A. and A. Michailidis performed numerical simulation in the supplements. A. Morvan, T.A., I.A., L.B. and P.R. wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to revising the manuscript and the Supplementary Information. All authors contributed to the experimental and theoretical infrastructure to enable the experiment. Data availability. The datasets generated and analysed for this study are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6981407. The authors declare no competing interests.

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PMCID: PMC9729104
Eprint ID: 120011
Resolver ID: CaltechAUTHORS:20230314-845402300.28

Created: 2023-05-24

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Updated: 2023-05-24

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Caltech groups: Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics

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Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

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Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

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