1
Supplementary
Information
for
Physical and virtual
carbon
metabolism
of global cities
Chen
e
t al.
2
Supplementary Figures
Supplementary Figure
1
Correlations of per capita TCI with (a) per capita GDP
-
PPP, (b) share of
services sector and (c) population d
ensity
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2
4
6
8
10
12
Bangkok
Beijng
Cape Town
Delhi
Hong Kong
London
Los Angeles
Moscow
New York
Sao Paulo
Singapore
Stockholm
Sydney
Tokyo
Toronto
Vienna
TCI per capita /t C
Population density /inh. km-2
R
2
=0.122
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2
4
6
8
10
12
Bangkok
Beijng
Cape Town
Delhi
Hong Kong
London
Los Angeles
Moscow
New York
Sao Paulo
Singapore
Stockholm
Sydney
Tokyo
Toronto
Vienna
R
2
=0.314
TCI per capita /t C
GDP-PPP per capita /US $
a
40
50
60
70
80
90
2
4
6
8
10
12
Bangkok
Beijng
Cape Town
Delhi
Hong Kong
London
Los Angeles
Moscow
New York
Sao Paulo
Singapore
Stockholm
Sydney
Tokyo
Toronto
Vienna
TCI per capita /t C
Share of services sector /%
R
2
=0.205
b
c
/
I
n
h
.
k
m
-
2
3
Supplementary Figure 2
Sector contribution to physical carbon flow (PCF) and fossil fuel
-
derived
virtual carbon flo
w (VCF)
Supplementary Figure 3
Carbon sequestration by urban trees in cities
Note that when measuring the carbon sequestration in
these urban areas, uncertainties (error bars in the figure)
occur due to several factors (e.g. selection of
sequestration parameters and data uncertainty of green coverage
areas)
.
0%
50%
100%
Vienna
Toronto
Tokyo
Sydney
Stockholm
Singapore
Sao Paulo
New York
Moscow
Los Angeles
London
Hong Kong
Delhi
Cape Town
Beijng
Bangkok
Physical
carbon
0%
50%
100%
Vienna
Toronto
Tokyo
Sydney
Stockholm
Singapore
Sao Paulo
New York
Moscow
Los Angeles
London
Hong Kong
Delhi
Cape Town
Beijng
Bangkok
Ag
Mi
In
En
Co
Tr
Se
Fossil
fuel
-
derived virtual carbon
M
a
C
a
r
b
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
u
r
b
a
n
t
r
e
e
s
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
E
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
C
I
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Stockholm
Vienna
Cape Town
Singapore
Hong Kong
Sydney
Toronto
Bangkok
New York
London
Moscow
Tokyo
Delhi
Sao Paulo
Beijng
Los Angeles
Mt C
1.9%
0.5%
2.0%
0.5%
6.8%
0.9%
1.9%
0.4%
1.7%
0.3%
0.8%
0.2%
1.8%
0.4%
1.3%
0.3%
2.3%
0.7%
1.1%
0.3%
1.4%
0.3%
1.0%
0.2%
0.8%
0.2%
0.8%
0.3%
1.6%
0.5%
1.2%
0.3%
4
Supplementary Figure 4
Ranking of
cities regarding
virtual carbon emissi
on driven by household
and government consumption (HG), capital formation (CF) and export (EP) of
cities
Supplementary Figure
5
S
ector contribution
to cities’ virtual
carbon
flow driven by
household and government consumption, capital formation and expo
rt
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Sao paulo
Bangkok
Cape Town
Beijng
Vienna
Stockholm
Delhi
London
Tokyo
Toronto
Moscow
Sydney
Los Angeles
Singapore
Hong Kong
New York
HG
CF
EP
t/capita
Sao P
aulo
0%
50%
100%
Vienna
Toronto
Tokyo
Sydney
Stockholm
Singapore
Sao Paulo
New York
Moscow
Los Angeles
London
Hong Kong
Delhi
Cape Town
Beijng
Bangkok
Household and goverment consumption
0%
50%
100%
Vienna
Toronto
Tokyo
Sydney
Stockholm
Singapore
Sao Paulo
New York
Moscow
Los Angeles
London
Hong Kong
Delhi
Cape Town
Beijng
Bangkok
Capital formation
0%
50%
100%
Vienna
Toronto
Tokyo
Sydney
Stockholm
Singapore
Sao Paulo
New York
Moscow
Los Angeles
London
Hong Kong
Delhi
Cape Town
Beijng
Bangkok
Ag
Mi
In
En
Co
Tr
Se
Export
M
a
5
Supplementary Figure
6
Focus of this study compared to previous studies
Note
that
the cited references are relative to the References list
ed in
the main text
.
âť–
Current hybrid
citywide studies
mainly concentrate
on gaseous
emissions and
sinks
33,35,45,53
, and the contributions of other
carbon flows and changes in stock need to be further quantified.
âť–
Modelling physical carbon
coming into, being added to the
carbon stock, and leaving
urban economy as
well as
flows of
fossil fuel
-
derived
gaseous
virtual carbon at city scale
Focus
of this study
GHG emission inventory for cities
Urban material
flows and metabolic analysis
âť–
Global protocol for community
-
scale
GHG
emissions
14,15
âť–
Modelling of
indirect GHG emission
occurring in upstream
production
19,20,60
âť–
Urban metabolic analyses
of direct flows based on
MFA (e.g.
28,29
)
âť–
Discussion on the importance of
managing urban material
stocks
28,30
âť–
Inventory of direct GHG
emission
based on IPCC guidelines
7,8,70
âť–
P
roduction
-
, infrastructure
-
and
consumption
-
based carbon
footprints of cities
(e.g.
16,23,27
)
âť–
Accounting of
physical carbon
content
at a
aggregate
level
41
Previous models
and approaches
Combining
carbon
footprint and
physical
carbon
accounts at city scale
âť–
Hybrid
total carbon inventory
(at
national scale)
36,42
âť–
Urban
energy and material flows
analyses combing MFA and life
-
cycle
approaches
25
-
27
T
racking carbon metabolic
pathways
associated wit
h
cities
6
Supplementary Figure
7
Approach of
uncertainty
analysis in this study
*Note that the u
ncertainty analysis of the results for the 9 cities only consider the impacts of
carbon intensity and
rebalancing table (RAS), while the impact of downscaling national/regional IO table is only qualitatively discussed.
·
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7
Supplementary Tables
Supplementary
Table 1
A list of the main categories of product
imported to cities
Categories of imported
products
Sectors
involved
Source/Explanation
Foods (grains, fruits,
vegetable, meats, etc.)
Ag,
Ma
, Se
This category considered both finished foods and
semi
-
manufac
tured foods, therefore Ag,
Ma
and Se
were possibly involved with variation from city to
city. For cities that have this data, we refer to the
official reports and yearbook. For others, the city’s
import was broken down from national level based
on United N
ations Agricultural Survey for 2007
1
according to the proportion of population of the city
to its country, thus making the simplifying
assumption of equal per capita consumption of
urban and rura
l populations. The emission factors
data that do not exist in
the software were referred
to
2
,
3
.
Construction materials
(woods, cements)
Co
All the imports of concrete went to the construction
sector and were redistributed to other sectors for
different us
es. The ratio of cement to concrete for
Sao Paulo and Cape To
wn was assumed to be the
same as that in Beijing.
Metals
Mi,
Ma
,
Co, Se
Aluminum and steel were considered in this category.
The life
-
cycle process covers the production and
transportation based on the average distance
between the source markets and the c
ity.
Plastics, rubber, glass,
papers, furniture
All
respective
sectors
Some of the data sources for this category are
presented in Supplementary Table 4. The emission
factors
that do not exist in the software database
were referred to a number of other re
ferences (such
as plastic products
4
, wooden furniture
5
, paper
6
)
Electronic goods
Ag,
Ma
, Se
The life
-
cycle processes for electronic goods imported
to cities (e.g., batteries
and computers) were referred
to in references
7
-
9
.
Transport
Tr
This category co
nsidered diesel and gasoline from
cars and aviation (the data of Cape Town and Sao
Paulo also considered motorcycles).
Electricity
En
All the imported electricity from
external markets
went to Po sector and was redistributed to other
sectors for different
uses. The emission factors
considered different generation processes of power
between cities. The recommended factors at national
level were applied where those of citi
es were
unavailable.
Thermal energy (coal, oils,
gas)
All
respective
sectors
The data
sources for this category are presented in
Supplementary Table 4. The combined heat and
power systems were calculated separately.
8
Supplementary Table 2.
Demographic and economic attributes of 16 global cities
City
Location
Year
Populatio
n/million
Urban
Area
/km
2
Populatio
n density /
inh. km
-
2
GDP
-
PPP
/billion
US$
per capita
GDP
-
PPP
/US$
Share of
services
sector in
economy
Bangkok
13N, 100E
2007
6.60
1565
4217
89
13485
40%
Beijing
39N, 116E
2008
17.70
1368
12939
182
10282
57%
Cape Town
33S, 18E
2006
3.
46
1136
3046
55
15896
60%
Delhi
28N,77E
2007
16.12
782
20614
141
8747
59%
Hong Kong
22N, 114E
2006
7.20
1104
6522
244
33889
79%
London
51N, 0W
2005
7.20
1570
4586
450
62500
82%
Los Angeles
34N, 118W
2008
9.14
4494
2033
792
67119
78%
Moscow
55N,37E
200
9
12.10
2510
4821
320
26446
53%
New York
43N, 75W
2009
8.12
1213
6694
513
63238
80%
Sao Paulo
23S,46W
2009
11.40
1522
7490
388
34035
50%
Singapore
1N, 103E
2007
4.88
716
6816
208
42623
55%
Stockholm
59N, 18E
2009
0.88
209
4211
34
38636
73%
Sydney
33S,
151E
2008
4.80
2036
2358
213
44375
75%
Tokyo
35N,135E
2008
12.30
2187
5624
510
41446
63%
Toronto
43N, 79W
2007
5.16
5905
874
209
40504
69%
Vienna
48N, 170W
2005
1.65
414
3986
86
52121
68%
Data sources: World Bank, United Nations, Global MetroMonitor a
nd official statistics of cities
Supplementary Table
3
Data sources of carbon flows for 16 global
cities
City
Type of data
Categories of data sources (by color)
and special notes
Main references and sources
Bangkok,
Thailand
Material
imports/exp
orts and
s
tocks in
products
Industrial material imports and exports
are compiled based on 2010 data
official
reports and published studies on
material flows of Bangkok.
Mehta et al.
10
National
Statistical Office of Thailand
11
Department of Environment
Bangkok Metrop
olitan
Administration (BMA):
https://iad.bangkok.go.th
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Energy consumption data (primary and
secondary) are verified with
National
Statistical Office of Thailand and Energy
Policy and Planning office
http://www.eppo.go.th.
Mur
akami et al.
12
National
Statistical Office of Thailand
11
Phdungsilp
13
,
14
Gaseous
carbon
emission
Carbon emission
is calculated by this
study considering emission from energy
and industrial activities. Compositions
https://www.seisakukikaku.m
etro.tokyo.jp/en/diplomacy/p
9
and solid
waste
and amount of solid was
te are derived
from Department of Environment of
Bangkok Metropolitan Admini
stration.
df/1011
-
05
-
shigen
-
e.pdf
(Solid waste)
Beijing,
China
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Most of the d
ata are acquired from local
statistics, except that the stocks in
urban hous
eholds are adjusted from
metropolitan area with its proportional
GDP.
Campi
llo et al.
15
Beijing
Municipal Bureau of
Statistics
16
Editorial Board of
China Commerce Yearbook
17
Editor
ial Board of China Iron
and Steel Industry Yearbook
18
Editorial Board of Chi
na
Mining Industry Yearbook
19
State Environmental
Protection Administration of
China
20
Energy
supplied and
consumed
The imported electricity and heat in the
sectoral energy consu
mption table are
reallocated to Energy sector in order to
avoid double
counting.
Beijing
Municipal Bureau of
Statistics
21
Beijing Statistics
Bureau
22
Lu
23
Feng
24
http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/n
j/
main/2008
-
ch/index.htm
http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/nj/qx
nj/2008/system/main.htm
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon emission
is calculated by this
study considering emiss
ion from energy
and industrial activities. Solid waste
data is from China Environment
Statistics.
China environmental statistics
yearbook:
http://w
ww.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/
ztsj/hjtjzl/2008/
Cape
Town,
SA
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
The material imports and household
consumption are based on data in 2005;
Export data are down
-
scaled from
national level data according to the
proportional industrial GDP of Cape
Town in South Afric
a. This estimation
constrained by the economic structure
of Cape Town.
Department of Economic and
Human Development, City of
Cape To
wn
25
,
26
Campillo et
al.
15
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Basic energy consumption data are from
Statistics South Africa
(htt
p://www.statssa.gov.za) and
World
Energy Council website
(https://www.worldenergy.org)
Swilling
27
Ward and Walsh
28
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Solid waste data are from State of the
Environment Report, City of Cape Town.
Carbon emissions are
extracted from
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
and matched with our sector categories.
City of Cape Town
29
,
30
C40
Cities Climate Leadership
Group:
https://www.c40.org/
Delhi, India
Material
imports/exp
orts and
sto
cks in
products
Construction materials only consider
cement and woods. Energy fuels of
sectors only consider fossil fuels.
Recycling data was obtained fro
m
informal recycle sector
(
http://www.chintan
-
india.org/
) that
Delhi Statistical Handbook
31
Ruet et al.
32
Streicher
-
Porte et
al.
33
10
includes recycling of plastic and other
carbon
-
bearing materials.
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Energy consumption and power
generation data are from Energy
Statistics Central Sta
tistics Office of
India.
Central Statistics Office of
India,
Ministry of Statistics
and Programme
34
Implementation:
http://www.mospi.nic.in
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
The composition of carbon emissio
ns
data is derived from Climate Change
Agenda for Delhi 2009
-
12, the emission
data from industries are from GHG
Platform India and
Government of
Delhi. Solid waste data are from
Department of Environment,
Government of National Capital
Territory of Delhi
(
http://environment.delhigovt.nic.in).
Department of Environment,
Government of Delhi
35
; Singh
and Sharma
36
GHG Platform India
(
http://www.ghgplatform
-
india.org/industry
-
sector
)
Government of
National
Capital Territory of Delhi
(
http://delhi.gov.in
)
Solid waste
(
http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps
/wcm/connect/environment/
Environment/Home/Environm
ental+Issues/Waste+Manage
ment
)
Hong Kong,
China
Material
imports/exp
orts and
st
ocks in
products
Material imports and exports are
compiled based on year 2006 and are
decomposed into a finer sectoral level
based on official records. The stock data
are adjusted from a consultation with
local researchers in the field of urban
metabolism.
Trade and Industry
Department, the Government
of Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region
37
Warren
-
Rhodes and Koenig
38
Langst
on et al
39
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Electricity generated inside and outside
urban boundaries are
distinguished
based on data of thermal power plants
of Hong Kong.
Census and Statistics
Department of Hong Kong
40
https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/
hkstat/sub/so90.jsp
Ho and Siu
41
CCBF
42
World
Ba
nk
43
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon emission
is calculated by this
study considering emission from energy
and industrial activities.
/
London, UK
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Data of material imports/exports and
sector contributions are from official
reports including
European Environment
Agency and Government Office for
Science of UK. Household stocks are
based on 20
02 urban metabolism
inventory.
Institution of Wastes
Manageme
nt
44
EEA(
European
Environment Agency
)
45
https://www.eea.europa.eu/
publications/eea_report_200
8_6
Government Office for
Sci
ence,
UK:
https://assets.publishing.s
ervice.gov.uk/government/up
loads/system/uploads/attach
ment
_data/file
/470766/gs
-
11
15
-
30
-
future
-
cities
-
urban
-
metabolism.pdf
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Data are directly from sectoral energy
flow inventory in statistics reported by
City of London.
EEA (
European Environment
Agency
)
46
,
47
Understanding the Data, Ci
ty
of Londo
n:
https://www.london.ca/reside
nts/Environment/Energy/Doc
uments/Understanding_the_
Data.pdf
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon
emission
data are from statistics
reported by
City of London
. Solid waste
data are based on 2002 urban metabolic
inventory.
EEA(
European Environment
Agency
)
46
,
47
Los
Angeles, US
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Material imports and
exports
are
adjusted from urban inventory data in
2000, which is constrained by updated
totals in 2008.
Ngo and Pataki
48
California
Energy Commission
49
US
Census Bureau
50
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Data are directly from official statistics
of Los
Angeles and
US.
US Census Bureau
50
California
Energy Commission
51
https://www.eia.gov/state/?si
d=CA
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Data are directly from official statistics
of Los Angeles and
US. Emissions
from
electricity generated from inside and
outside city boundary is distinguished
vis grid data.
California Energy
Commission
49
US Census
Bureau
50
California Energy
Commission
51
; Detailed
electricity data:
https://www.electricitylocal.c
om/states/california/los
-
angeles/
Moscow,
Russia
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Imports data of food are downscaled
from national
level according to
population. Construction mate
rials are
downscaled based on sector’s
proportional GDP. Other data are from a
survey of megacities accomplished by
global researches (including our own
work). Recycling rate is estimated based
on national av
erage.
Russia Federation
52
Paiho et
al.
53
City o
f Moscow
54
Food consumption: FAO Food
Balance Sheets
(
http://www.fao.org/statistics
/en/
https://metabolismofcities.or
g/casestudy/3
Energy
suppli
ed and
consumed
Primary energy and electricity
consumption and distribution data are
from a survey of megacities
accomplished by global rese
arches
(including our own work).
https://metabolismofcities.or
g/casestudy/3
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
wast
e
Calculated based on energy inventory of
the city of Moscow. The emission from
industrial process are not included due
to a lack of
such data.
City of Moscow
54
Brady
McNall City of Moscow
Sustainability Intern
55
Tkachenko and Tkachenko
56
12
New York,
US
Mat
erial
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Main data are from the survey of
megacities accomplished by global
researches (including
our own work),
and Department of Environmental
Protection for New York City. Recycling
of materials use inventory data in
2007.
US Census Bureau
50
PlaNYC
57
https://metabolismofcities.or
g/casestudy/22
http://www.dec.ny.gov/
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Official statistics of N
ew York City
NYSERDA
58
,
59
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Emission and solid waste data are from
the survey of megacities accomplished
by global researches (including our own
work).
US Census Bureau
60
City of
New York
61
Sao Paulo,
Brazil
Materia
l
imports/exp
orts and
stocks
in
products
Consumption data are from published
works and the survey of megacities
accomplished by global researches
(including our own work). Exports data
are from
Government of Sao Paulo
.
Campillo et al.
15
Government of Sao P
aulo:
http://www.capital.sp.gov.br/
portal/
https://metabolismofcities.or
g/casestudy/6
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Published reports from UN
and ICLEI
United
Nations
62
ICLEI
63
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Sectoral decompositions of carbon
emissions are collected from C40
Cities
Climate Leadership Group and ICLEI.
Solid waste amount and composition
data are from International Solid
Waste
Association (ISWA).
ICLEI
63
World Bank
64
C40 Cities Climate Leadership
Group:
https://www.c40.org/
I
SWA:
https://www.iswa.org
Singapore,
Singapore
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Construction and manufacturing sector
Material flow data are from published
literature, and food consumed by
households are from FAO.
Chertow et al.
65
Schulz
66,
67
Republic of Singapore
68
The
City of Singapore
69
Food consumption: FAO Fo
od
Balance Sheets:
http://www.fao.org/statistics/
en/
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Official energy statistics of the city of
Singapore
Republic of Singapore
68
The
City of Singapore
69
Gaseous
carbon
emiss
ion
and solid
waste
Own calculation based on official energy
statistics of the city of Singapore
Chertow et al.
65
The City of
Singapore
69
Stockholm,
Sweden
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Import and export data are from
European Environmen
t Agency and the
report from
European Green Capital,
and the
changes in stock are complied
based on published literature of urban
metabolism.
Bringezu et al.
70
EEA
45
EEA
47
City of Stockholm
71
,
72
Stockholm Statistics
-
First
European Green Capital:
https://in
ternational.stockhol
m.se/city
-
13
development/european
-
green
-
capital
-
2010/
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Official inventory reported by the
City of
Stockholm
C
ity of Stockholm
71
,
72
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Total carbon emissions and solid was
te
data are from the
European Green City
Index Report
, while structure in 1995 is
used for sector decomposition.
European Green City Index
Report:
https://www.siemens.com/en
try/cc/features/greencityinde
x_international/al
l/en/pdf/sto
ckholm.pdf
Sydney,
Aust
ralia
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Material imports are from
Department
of the Environment and Energy, the City
of Sydney, and the sector contribution is
estimated based on the industrial
structure in
1990 (in which year such
data is acc
essible).
Newman
73
SGS
74
Sydney
Water
75
Department of the
Environment and Energy:
http://www.environment.gov.
au/climate
-
change/government/carbon
-
neutral/publications/factshee
t
-
city
-
of
-
sydney.
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Energy use data at sector level
are
collected from
Department of the
Environment and Energy and Australian
Energy Statistics.
City of Sydney
76
Australian
Government Publishing
Service
77
Lenzen et al.
78
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon emissions are calculated by this
stu
dy from the energy use data and
industrial activities.
/
Tokyo,
Japan
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
Basic material flows data are extracted
from
Bureau of Environment
of Tokyo.
Household stocks and local supply are
from the consultation
with an urban
metabolism research team University of
Tokyo.
Bureau of Environment, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government
79
Fuji
ta and Hill
80
Bureau of
Environment, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government
81
Dhakal and Kaneko
82
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Official data rep
orted by Bureau of
Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government
Bureau of Environment, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government:
http://www.kankyo.metro.tok
yo.jp/en/climate/index.html
Gaseous
carb
on
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon emissions are from
official data
reported by the of Tokyo. Solid waste
data at sector level are then adjusted
from big metropolitan area by its
proportional GDP by sector.
Bureau of Environment, Tokyo
Metropolitan Governm
ent
Toronto,
Canada
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stoc
ks in
products
Imports and exports data are compiled
using the sectoral structure in 1999. The
material flows of the core urban area
are adjusted from metropolitan area
with its proportional GDP by sect
or.
Sahely et al.
83
Forkes
84
Environment & Energy
Divi
sion, City of Toronto
85
14
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Official data from
Environment & Energy
Division, City of Toronto
Environment & Energy
Division, City of Toronto
85
,
86
Energy Efficiency Office, Cit
y
of Toronto
87
Gaseous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon emissions are calculated by this
study based on energy use and
industrial activities data.
Environment & Energy
Division, City of Toronto
85
,
86
Energy Efficiency Office, City
of Toronto
87
Vi
enna,
Austria
Material
imports/exp
orts and
stocks in
products
The imports and exports of goods in
Vienna in 2005 are estimated from
published literature of urban
metabolism on Vienna, assuming the
sector structure has remained the same.
Part of the stock d
ata ar
e from
European Environment Agency.
Obernosterer et al.
88
Hendriks
89
EEA
45
,
47
Energy
supplied and
consumed
Official data from
the Energy Report of
City of Vienna
EEA
45
,
47
Federal Environment
Agency
90
City of Vienna
91
:
https://www.wien.gv.at
Gase
ous
carbon
emission
and solid
waste
Carbon emissions are calculated by this
study based on official data on energy
use and industrial activities.
/
Data obtained from records of the city or local researchers
Data from publications/reports of the same
boundary but are not fully
-
verified
Data extrapolated from the national
-
or regional
-
scale to the city
-
scale based on ratios
Supplementary Table 4
Sectoral value added used for calculating LQs of the 9 cities
City
Sectoral value added (billion US$)
Ag
Mi
Ma
En
Co
Tr
Se
Bangkok
7.1
1.9
25.8
5.3
3.6
11.1
33.8
Cape Town
1.0
0.7
8.3
2.4
3.1
6.4
33.0
Delhi
3.1
2.5
15.5
6.8
14.1
11.3
87.8
Moscow
19.2
9.6
57.9
24.3
12.2
28.2
169.6
Sao Paulo
11.3
17.1
67.5
29.5
24.4
26.0
212.6
Stockholm
0.4
0.1
5.4
1.0
1
.7
2.0
23.5
Tokyo
8.2
2.6
72.4
15.3
28.1
72.4
311.1
Toronto
4.4
0.0
28.0
4.8
9.8
17.8
143.4
Vienna
1.1
1.2
12.6
3.2
4.8
4.1
58.5