Chapter_8.pdf

Chapter 8: Round jet into fluid at rest

General References

Major surveys and theory

BARON, T. and ALEXANDER, L.G. 1951 Momentum, mass, and

heat transfer in free jets. Chem. Eng. Prog.

, 181–185.

BIRCH, S.F. 1997 Comment on “Computation of turbulent axisym-

metric and nonaxisymmetric jet flows using the

model.” AIAA J.

760–761.

COHEN, N.S. 1966 A correlation of the spread and decay of turbulent

free jets. AIAA J.

, 929–930.

Other peoples’ data. Suitably defined eddy

viscosity is unique function of ratio smaller density/larger density. Corre-

lation*, figure 2.

FATICA, M., VERZICCO, R., and ORLANDI, P. 1994 Rib vortices

in round jets: direct and large eddy simulation. In

Application of Direct

and Large Eddy Simulation to Transition and Turbulence,

AGARD CP 551,

Paper 27.

GRINSTEIN, F.F., GLAUSER, M.N., and GEORGE, W.K. 1995 Vor-

ticity in jets. In

Fluid Vortices

(S.I. Green, ed.), Kluwer, 65–94.

See figure

3.2.5 for

diagram of pairing. Figure 3.3.2 is axis switching for square

jet.

HALLEEN, R.M. 1964 A literature review on subsonic free turbulent

shear flow. Stanford Univ., Dept. Mech. Eng., Rep. MD-11; AFOSR-TN-

5444.

Undiscriminating review of analytical and experimental literature for

wake, jet, mixing layer. Various tables*.

MARTIN, J.E. and MEIBURG, E. 1991 The three-dimensional evo-

lution of axisymmetric jets perturbed by helical waves. In

Preprints, Eighth

Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows

, Technical University of Munich, Vol. 1,

Paper 6-3.

MELANDER, M.V., HUSSAIN, F., and BASU, A. 1991 Breakdown

of a circular jet into turbulence. In

Preprints, Eighth Symposium on Turbu-

lent Shear Flows

, Technical University of Munich, Vol. 1, Paper 15-5.

SCHMIDT, W. 1941 Turbulente Ausbreitung eines Stromes erhitzer

Luft. I Teil. Z. angew. Math. Mech.

, 265–278.

STEWART, R.W. 1956 Irrotational motion associated with free tur-

bulent flows. J. Fluid Mech.

, 593–606.

Figs. 4, 5 show induced flow for

312

circular jet without wall and for plane jet with wall. Entrainment*, figures 4,

WITZE, P.O. 1974 Centerline velocity decay of compressible free jets.

AIAA J.

, 417–418.

Correlation of other people’s data. Full paper avail-

able from NTIS as N74-12081. Velocity decay*, figures 1, 2.

1963 Wille, ZF

, 222

1964 Kleinstein, J Sp

, 403

1989 Kibens, AIAA Paper 89-1051

Experimental data

ABBISS, J.B., BRADBURY, L.J.S., and WRIGHT, M.P. 1975 Mea-

surements on an axi-symmetric jet using a photon correlator. In

The Ac-

curacy of Flow Measurements by Laser-Doppler Methods

, LDA Symposium,

Copenhagen, 319–335.

Work intended as proof of instrument, including

comparison with pulsed wire. Sketchy profiles of mean velocities, shear-

ing stress; axial decay. Velocity decay*, figure 6, Mean velocity*, figure 7.

Reynolds stresses*, figures 9, 11, 12.

ABRAMOVICH, G.N., BAKULEV, V.I., GOLUBEV, V.A., and SMOLIN,

G.G. 1966 An investigation into turbulent submerged jets over a wide

temperature range. Int’l. J. Heat Mass Transf.

, 1047–1060.

Cold round jet

into hot stagnant region of same gas, or vice versa; profiles of mean velocity,

mean temperature; axial decay. Mean velocity*, temperature*, figures 4–6,

10. Velocity decay*, figure 7.

AHMED, S.A., NEJAD, A.S., and CRAIG, R.R. 1988 A near field

study of a turbulent free jet, including the effects of velocity bias. In

Preprints, Eleventh Symposium on Turbulence, Univ. Missouri (Rolla), Pa-

per A4.

Various velocities*, figures 2–6.

ALBERTSON, M.L., DAI, Y.B., JENSEN, R.A., and ROUSE, H. 1948

Diffusion of submerged jets. Proc. ASCE

, 1571–1596; discussion in

901–914, 1019–1029, 1541–1548; all in Trans. ASCE

115

, 639–697, 1950.

Plane and round air jets into stagnant air; profiles of mean velocity; growth

rate, entrainment, flow direction. Figs. 26–28 are part of discussion by

Baines. Round jet is Dai’s thesis, about 1948. Albertson’s thesis, about

1948, is on evaporation. Geometry*, figures 6, 7. Induced flow*, figures 8,

12, 18, 24. Mean velocity*, figures 10, 11, 16, 17. Velocity decay*, figures 9,

15, 25. Core length*, figure 26. Figure 8 does not show negative

-velocity.

Streamlines wrong in figure 21. Measured and computed stress do not agree

in figure 40.

313

ANTONIA, R.A. 1974 The structure of velocity and temperature fluc-

tuations in a turbulent jet. In

Proc. Fifth Australasian Conference on Hy-

draulics and Fluid Mechanics

, Vol. I, 325–331.

Heated round jet into still

air or coflowing stream. Intermittency, probability density. Intermittency*,

figure 4. Frequency, figure 5.

ANTONIA, R.A., PRABHU, A., and STEPHENSON, S.E. 1975 Con-

ditionally sampled measurements in a heated turbulent jet. J. Fluid Mech.

, 455–480, 1 plate.

Profiles of conventional and zone-averaged velocity,

temperature. Mean and rms fluctuations in temperature are more nearly ho-

mogeneous than in velocity. Intermittency*, figure 4. Frequency*, figure 5.

Mean velocity*, figure 7. Reynolds stresses*, figures 9–14.

ANTONIA, R.A., CHAMBERS, A.J., and HUSSAIN, A.K.M.F. 1980

Errors in simultaneous measurements of temperature and velocity in the

outer part of a heated jet. Phys. Fluids

, 871–874.

Temperature*, figure

1. Velocity*, figure 5. Also pdf of velocity.

BARKER, S.J. 1973 Laser-Doppler measurements on a round turbu-

lent jet in dilute polymer solutions. J. Fluid Mech.

, 721-731.

Water

jet containing additive. Profiles of mean velocity. Centerline turbulence in-

tensity. No significant effect of polymer on spreading rate. Mean velocity*,

figure 3. Velocity decay*, figure 4, Reynolds stresses*, figure 5.

BARNETT, D.O. and GIEL, T.V. Jr. 1976 Application of a two-

component Bragg-diffracted laser velocimeter to turbulence measurements

in a subsonic jet. Arnold Eng. Dev. Center, Rep. AEDC-TR-76-36.

Velocity

decay*, figure 10. Mean velocity*, figures 13, 14. Radial component, figures

18, 19. Reynolds stresses*, figures 20–31, 33, 34.

BECKER, H.A., HOTTEL, H.C., and WILLIAMS, G.C. 1965 Con-

centration intermittency in jets. In

Proc. Tenth Symposium (International)

on Combustion

, 1253–1263.

Round free or ducted jet; profiles of intermit-

tency (scattered light from oil fog). Intermittency*, figure 3. Growth rate*,

figures 4, 5.

BECKER, H.A., HOTTEL, H.C., and WILLAMS, G.C. 1967 On the

light-scatter technique for the study of turbulence and mixing. The nozzle-

fluid concentration field of the round, turbulent, free jet. J. Fluid Mech.

259–284, 285–303.

Round air jet into stagnant air with oil smoke as tracer;

profiles of mean concentration, intermittency, relative fluctuation intensity;

rms fluctuation on axis; concentration spectra, scales. Concentration decay*,

figure 1. Growth rate*, figures 1, 12. Concentration*, figure 2. Intermit-

tency*, figures 3, 4. Concentration fluctuations*, figures 5–8.

BERMAN, N.S. and TAN, H. 1985 Two-component laser Doppler ve-

locimeter studies of submerged jets of dilute polymer solutions. A.I.Ch.E.J.

314

, 208–215.

Ducted jet with recirculation with and without polymer.

BORREGO, C. and OLIVARI, D. 1979 A method for the measure-

ment of mixing properties in a turbulent jet flow. von Karman Institute

for Fluid Dynamics, Tech. Note 130.

Mean velocity*, figure 3. Velocity de-

cay, figure 4. Mean concentration*, figure 5. Concentration decay, figure 7.

Reynolds stresses*, figure 8.

BRADBURY, L.J.S. and KHADEM, A.H. 1975 The distortion of a

jet by tabs. J. Fluid Mech.

, 801–813.

Effect of small tabs at exit of

round jet into still air. Coherence is reduced and entrainment is increased.

Interesting for control of structure. Geometry*, figure 1. Velocity decay*,

figures 3, 4, 7.

BRADSHAW, P., FERRISS, D.H., and JOHNSON, R.F. 1964 Tur-

bulence in the noise-producing region of a circular jet. J. Fluid Mech.

591–624, 1 plate.

Mixing region to about

x/d

= 12

. Profiles of Reynolds

stresses; spectra (including pressure), correlations; celerity. Schlieren pho-

tographs. Geometry*, figure 1. Reynolds stresses*, figures 3, 4, 28. Celer-

ity*, figure 21.

BRANDT, A., GILREATH, H.E., YATES, C.L., and WALTON, C.R.

1973 Intermittency and structure of a jet exhausting into a stratified fluid.

Proc. Third Symposium on Turbulence in Liquids

(G.K. Patterson and

S.L. Zakin, eds.), Univ. Missouri (Rolla), 340–351.

Preliminary work on jet

collapse. Interface statistics; a little on mean velocity, turbulence intensity.

Opaque paper. Scale*, figures 2, 3.

CHEVRAY, R. and TUTU, N.K. 1978 Intermittency and preferential

transport of heat in a round jet. J. Fluid Mech.

, 133–160.

Measurements

in heated jet, mostly at

x/d

= 15

. Profiles of mean and fluctuating veloc-

ity, temperature; intermittency; conditional averages; fluctuating transport;

spectra. Mean velocity*, figure 3. Fluctuations*, figure 4. Intermittency*,

figure 5. Reynolds heat transfer*, figure 13. Shearing stress*, figure 14.

CHUA, L.P. and ANTONIA, R.A. 1986 The turbulent interaction

region of a circular jet. Int’l. Comm. Heat Mass Transf.

, 545–558.

Mean

velocity*, figure 4. Mean temperature*, figure 4. Growth rate*, figures 5, 6.

Reynolds stresses, figures 7, 8.

CHUA, L.P. and ANTONIA, R.A. 1989 Flow reversal and intermit-

tency of a turbulent jet. AIAA J.

, 1494–1499.

Mean temperature*, figure

CHUANG, S.C.-H. 1970 Turbulent diffusion of small gas bubbles in

an axi-symmetric water jet. Ph. D. thesis, Purdue Univ.

Student of Gold-

schmidt. Mean velocity*, figures V-1, V-4, VI-8. Growth rate, figures V-2,

V-5. Velocity decay*, figures V-3, V-6. Reynolds stresses*, figures V-10,

315

VI-11. Concentration*, figures VI-2 to VI-5, VII-1 to VII-4, others. No

tables.

CORRSIN, S. 1943 Investigation of flow in an axially symmetrical

heated jet of air. NACA Wartime Rep. ACR No. 3L23.

Reynolds stresses*,

figures 23, 40. Mean velocity, figures 30–34. Growth rate, figure 36. Tem-

perature profile wider than velocity.

CORRSIN, S. 1949 An experimental verification of local isotropy. J.

Aeron. Sci.

, 757–758.

See also NACA TN 1865.

CORRSIN, S. and KISTLER, A.L. 1954 The free-stream boundaries

of turbulent flows. NACA TN 3133.

Mean velocity*, figure 13. Growth

rate*, figure 14. Intermittency*, figure 22. Also plane wake, rough-wall

boundary layer.

CORRSIN, S. and UBEROI, M.S. 1949 Further experiments on the

flow and heat transfer in a heated turbulent air jet. NACA TN 1865.

Growth

rate*, figure 8. Mean velocity, figures 11–13. Reynolds stresses*, figures 16–

18.

CORRSIN, S. and UBEROI, M.S. 1950 Spectrums and diffusion in a

round turbulent jet. NACA TN 2124.

Diffusion behind heated obstacles.

CROW, S.C. and CHAMPAGNE, F.H. 1971 Orderly structure in jet

turbulence. J. Fluid Mech.

, 547–591, 7 plates; also Boeing Scientific

Research Laboratories, Rep. D1-82-0991, 1970.

Jet with tripped boundary

layer and acoustic forcing. Naturally preferred Strouhal number is about 0.3.

Effect of forcing on growth rate near orifice; filtered turbulence intensities,

decay on axis, spectra. Very nice paper. Velocity decay*, figures 7, 15.

Reynolds stresses*, figures 8, 13, 24, 28. Mean velocity*, figure 27. Growth

rate*, figure 29. Also flow viz.

DAHM, W.J.A. and DIMOTAKIS, P.E. 1985 Measurements of en-

trainment and mixing in turbulent jets. AIAA Paper 85-0056.

Mean con-

centration*, figure 5a. Concentration fluctuations, figure 5b.

DELLEUR, J.W., TOEBES, G.H., and LIU, C.L. 1966 Hot wire physics

and turbulence measurements in liquid. hydromechanics Lab., School of

Civil Eng., Purdue Univ., Tech. Rep. No. 13 (Contract Nonr-1100(25)).

Submerged round jet of water into water at rest; profiles of mean velocity,

axial turbulence intensity; axial decay of centerline velocity; spectra. Ap-

pendix is good annotated bibliography on hot wires, hot films, thermistors,

etc. Velocity decay*, figure 25. Mean velocity*, figure 26.

DIMOTAKIS, P.E., MIAKE-LYE, R.C., and PAPATONIOU, D.A. 1982

Structure and dynamics of round turbulent jets. California Institute of Tech-

nology, GALCIT Rep. FM82-01.

Flow viz*, figures 4–6.

DOWLING, D.R. 1988 Mixing in gas phase turbulent jets. Ph. D.

316

thesis, California Institute of Technology.

Mean concentration*, figures 3.1–

3.3. Centerline rms*, figure 3–4. Profiles of rms, figure 3.8.

DOWLING, D.R. and DIMOTAKIS, P.E. 1988 On mixing and struc-

ture of the concentration field of turbulent jets. In

Preprints, AIAA/ASME/

SIAM/APS First National Fluid Dynamics Congress,

AIAA, Part 2, 982–

988 (AIAA Paper 88-3611).

Geometry*, figure 1.

Velocity*, Reynolds

stress*, figure 2.

DOWLING, D.R. and DIMOTAKIS, P.E. 1990 Similarity of the con-

centration field of gas-phase turbulent jets. J. Fluid Mech.

218

, 109–141.

Mean concentration*, figures 3, 4, 5. Concentration fluctuations*, figures

8, 9. Concentration pdf.

DRUBKA, R.E., REISENTHEL, P., and NAGIB, H.M. 1989 The dy-

namics of low initial disturbance turbulent jets. Phys. Fluids

, 1723–1735.

Decay*, figure 1. Growth*, figure 4. Frequency*, figure 11.

EASTLAKE 1971

EBRAHIMI, I. 1976 Axialer Verlauf der Geschwindigkeit in Luft-Frei-

strahlen. Forsch. Ing.-Wes.

, 33–35.

Strictly decay on axis. Slight depen-

dence of growth rate on Reynolds number. Velocity decay*, figures 2–8.

EBRAHIMI, I. and KLEINE, R. 1977 Konzentrationsfelder in isother-

men Luft-Freistrahlen. Forsch. Ing.-Wes.

, 25–30.

Profiles of mean and

rms concentration using scattered light from aerosol particles. Velocity de-

cay*, figure 3. Concentration decay*, figures 4, 5. Mean concentration*,

figure 8. Fluctuations*, figure 9.

EL AWADY, M.N.A.A. 1965 Transport of particulate materials in

axi-symmetric turbulent air jets. Ph. D. thesis, Dept. Agricultural Eng.,

Univ. California (Davis).

Mean velocity*, figure 28. Data are tabulated.

FARIS, G.N. 1963 Some entrainment properties of a turbulent axi-

symmetric jet. Miss. State Univ., Aerophys. Dept., Res. Rep. No. 39.

Round

air jet into air at rest; profiles of mean velocity. Growth rate*, figures 5, 12.

Mean velocity*, figure 9. Velocity decay*, figure 14.

FORSTALL, W. and GAYLORD, E.W. 1955 Momentum and mass

transfer in a submerged water jet. Trans. ASME (J. Appl. Mech.

), 161–

164 (see also Ph. D. thesis by GAYLORD, “Momentum and mass transfer in

water for a submerged axially symmetric jet,” Dept. Mech. Eng., Carnegie

Institute of Technology, 1953).

Mean velocity*, figure 13. Concentration*,

figure 14. Velocity decay*, figures 16, 17. Read figures. Concentration

decays before velocity.

GIBSON, M.M. 1963 Spectra of turbulence in a round jet. J. Fluid

Mech.

, 161–173.

Mean velocity*, figure 1. Reynolds stresses*, figure 1.

Otherwise spectra.

317

GOLDSCHMIDT et al 1972

GRANDMAISON, E.W., RATHGEBER, D.E., and BECKER, H.A.

1977 Some characteristics of concentration fluctuations in free turbulent

jets. In

Preprints, Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows

, Pennsylvania

State Univ., 15.21–15.29.

Becker still putting smoke in jets, now at higher

Re. Concentration decay*, figure 1. Fluctuations*, figure 2.

GRIMMETT, H.L. 1948 The effect of velocity on the flow properties

of a free jet. M.S. thesis, Dept. Chem. Eng., Univ. Illinois (Urbana).

Data

are tabulated. Single jet. Velocity decay*, figure 4. Mean velocity*, figures

5, 7, 8. Growth rate, figures 6, 9.

GRINSTEIN, F.F., GUTMARK, E.J., PARR, T.P., HANSON-PARR,

D.M., and OBEYSEKARE, U. 1996 Streamwise and spanwise vortex in-

teraction in an axisymmetric jet. A computational and experimental study.

Phys. Fluids

, 1515–1524.

HATTA and NOZAKI 1975

HIDY, G.M. 1962 Vapor condensation by mixing in a free jet. D.

Eng. thesis, Dept. Chem. Eng., Johns Hopkins Univ.

Mean velocity*, figure

18. Velocity decay*, figure 33. Data are tabulated.

HILL, W.G. Jr., JENKINS, R.C., and GILBERT, B.L. 1976 Effects

of the initial boundary-layer state on turbulent jet mixing. AIAA J.

1513–1514.

Velocity decay*, figures 1, 3.

HINZE, J.O. and VAN DER HEGGE ZIJNEN, B.G. 1949 Transfer of

heat and matter in the turbulent mixing zone of an axially symmetrical jet.

Appl. Sci. Res.

, 435–461; see also

Proc. Seventh International Congress

for Applied Mechanics

, Vol. 2, Part I, 286–299.

Round air jet into air at

rest; foreign gas used as tracer. Velocity*, figure 2. Temperature*, figure 5.

Concentration*, figure 7.

HOWARD, C.D. and LAURENCE, J.C. 1960 Measurement of screen-

size effects on intensity, scale, and spectrum of turbulence in a free subsonic

jet. NASA TN D-297.

Round air jet through screen into air at rest; faired

data for turbulence intensity; spectra; scales. Most data are faired. Turbu-

lence scale, figures 14, 15. Geometry*, figure 4.

HUSSEIN, H.J. and GEORGE, W.K. 1989 Measurement of small

scale turbulence in an axisymmetric jet using moving hot-wires. In

Preprints,

Seventh Symposium on Turbulent Shear Flows

, Stanford Univ., Paper 30-2.

Velocity decay, figure 3. Mean velocity*, figure 4. Reynolds stresses*, figures

5, 6.

HUSSEIN, H.J., CAPP, S.P., and GEORGE, W.K. 1994 Velocity

measurements in a high-Reynolds-number, momentum-conserving, axisym-

metric, turbulent jet. J. Fluid Mech.

258

, 31–75.

Velocity decay*, figures 6,

318

7. Mean velocity*, figure 8. Reynolds stresses*, figures 9–14.

ISLAM, M.T. and ALI, M.A.T. 1997 Mean velocity and static pres-

sure distributions of a circular jet. AIAA J.

, 196–197.

Flow near potential

core. Static pressure*, figures 3, 4.

JOHARI, H., ZHANG, Q., ROSE, M.J., and BOURQUE, S.M. 1997

Impulsively started turbulent jets. AIAA J.

, 657–662.

Results from flow

viz.

KAMOTANI, Y. and WISKIND, H.K. 1968 Measurement of turbu-

lence quantities by pressure probes. Div. Fluid, Thermal, and Aerosp. Sci-

ences, Case Western Reserve Univ., Rep. FTAS/TR-68-33.

Velocity decay,

figure 10. Mean velocity*, figure 11. Reynolds stresses*, figures 12–17.

KASAGI, N., NINOMIYA, N., and HIRATA, M. 1988 Three-dimen-

sional velocity measurement in a turbulent jet by digital image processing.

Proc. First World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Me-

chanics, and Thermodynamics

(R.K. Shah, E.N. Ganic, and K.T. Yang,

eds.), Elsevier, 1502–1509.

Mean velocity*, figure 7. Reynolds stresses*,

figures 8–11.

KINDLER, K. 1988 Tieftemperaturfreistrahlen. Deutsche Forschungs-

und Versuchsanstalt f ̈ur Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rep DFVLR-FB 88-16.

Mean

velocity*, figures 9–12. Mean temperature*, figures 13–16.

KISER, K.M. 1963 Material and momentum transport in axisymmet-

ric jets of water. A.I.Ch.E. J.

, 386–390.

Profiles of mean velocity, mean

concentration (salt solution and conductivity cell); axial decay of

center line; turbulent Schmidt number. Velocity decay*, figure 3. Growth

rate*, figure 4.

KNYSTAUTAS 1964 (cited in 17A)

KRETZSCHMER, F. 1936 Str ̈omungsform und Durchflusszahl der

Messdrosseln. Forschung auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens, Ausgabe

B, Forschungsheft 381.

Orifice flow, shrouded or free. Mostly potential flow.

Flow viz, figures 40, 41.

KUHLMANN, J.M. and GROSS, R.W. 1989 Three component laser

Doppler measurements in an axisymmetric jet. Dept. Mech. and Aerosp.

Eng., Univ. West Virginia, Final Rep., May 1987–May 1989, NASA CR-

181908.

KUHLMANN, J. and GROSS, R. 1990 Three component velocity

measurements in an axisymmetric jet using LDA. AIAA Paper 90-1635.

Velocity*, figures 2–6. Reynolds stress, figure 7.

LABUS, T.L. and SYMONS, E.P. 1972 Experimental investigation of

an axisymmetric free jet with an initially uniform velocity profile. NASA TN

D-6783.

Helium jet into air. Profiles of mean velocity. Spreading angle,

319

centerline decay. Mean velocity*, figures 8, 9. Velocity decay*, figures 11,

12. Growth rate*, figure 14. Core length*, figure 13.

LASSITER, L.W. 1957 Turbulence in small air jets at exit velocities

up to 705 feet per second. J. Appl. Mech.

, 349–354 (for comment by

Morkovin that temperature fluctuations are not negligible, see

, 314–

315, 1958).

Round air jet into air at rest; faired profiles of mean velocity,

turbulence intensity; scales, spectra. Most data faired.

LAURENCE, J.C. 1955 Intensity, scale, and spectra of turbulence in

mixing region of free subsonic jet. NACA TN 3561.

LAURENCE, J.C. 1956 Intensity, scale, and spectra of turbulence in

mixing region of free subsonic jet. NACA Rep. 1292.

Mean velocity*, figures

11, 12. Reynolds stresses*, figure 9. Growth rate*, figure 13.

LAWRENCE, W.J. 1965 Mass transfer in a turbulent jet. Ph. D.

thesis, Dept. Chem. Eng., Univ. California (Berkeley).

Concentration decay,

figures III-3 to III-7. Mean and rms concentration*, figures III-1, III-8, A-1

to A-14. Data are tabulated.

LAURENCE, J.C. and STICKNEY, T.M. 1956 Further measurements

of intensity, scale, and spectra of turbulence in a subsonic jet. NACA TN

3576.

LIEPMANN, D. 1991 Streamwise vorticity and entrainment in the

near field of a round jet. Phys. Fluids

, 1179–1185.

Transition*, figures

2–4.

LITTLE, B.H. Jr. and WILBER, S.W. 1951 Turbulence-intensity mea-

surements in a jet of air issuing from a long tube. NACA TN 2361.

Round

air jet into initial region of coaxial air jet; profiles of mean velocity; turbu-

lence intensity. Very esoteric geometry (Bureau of Mines burner). Mean

velocity*, figure 5. Reynolds stresses*, figures 5–9.

LONGMIRE, E.K. and EATON, J.K. 1992 Structure of a particle-

laden round jet. J. Fluid Mech.

236

, 217–257.

Strong effect of particle

MALMSTROM, T.G., KIRKPATRICK, A.T., CHRISTENSEN, B., and

KNAPPMILLER, K.D. 1997 Centreline velocity decay measurements in

low-velocity axisymmetric jets. J. Fluid Mech.

246

, 363–377.

Velocity de-

cay*, figure 5.

McNAUGHTON, K.J. and SINCLAIR, C.G. 1966 Submerged jets in

short cylindrical flow vessels. J. Fluid Mech.

, 367–375, 5 plates.

Relevant

for transition;

less than 5000. Laminar length*, figure 7. Nice pictures.

Flow viz*, figure 5. Laminar length*, figure 7.

MILLER, P.L. 1991 Mixing in high Schmidt number turbulent jets.

Ph. D. thesis, California Inst. Technology.

Most data faired.

320

MODARRESS, D., TAN, H., and ELGHOBASHI, S. 1984 Two-com-

ponent LDA measurement in a two-phase turbulent jet. AIAA J.

, 624–

630.

Mean velocity*, figures 6, 9. Reynolds stresses*, figures 10, 11, 12.

MONS, R.F. and SFORZA, P.M. 1971 Turbulent heat and mass trans-

fer in axisymmeteric jets. Dept. Aerosp. Eng. and Appl. Mech., Polytechnic

Institute of Brooklyn, PIBAL Rep. No. 71-14.

Velocity decay*, figures 20,

26, 33. Reynolds stresses*, figure 23. Growth rate*, figures 28, 32, 35, 39.

NOTTAGE, H.B. 1951 Ventilation jets in room air distribution. Ph. D.

thesis, Dept. Mech. Eng., Case Inst. Technology (now Case-Western Reserve

Univ.), 2 vols.

Geometry*, figure 1. Growth rate*, figures 7–10. Mean ve-

locity*, figures 17–22. Entrainment*, figure 26. Velocity decay*, figure 27.

Also chilled jet.

OBOT, N.T. and TRABOLD, T.A. 1987 Velocity and temperature

fields in turbulent heated air jets issuing from sharp-edged inlet rounded

nozzles. In

Turbulence Measurements and Flow Modeling

(C.J. Chen et

al., eds.), Hemisphere, 527–536.

Geometry*, figure 1. Decay*, figures 2, 3.

Growth*, figure 5.

OBOT, N.T., GRASKA, M.L., and TRABOLD, T.A. 1984 The near

field behavior of round jets at moderate Reynolds numbers. Can. J. Chem.

Eng.

, 587–593.

Decay*, figure 3. Velocity*, figures 5–7. Growth*, figure

PANCHAPAKESAN, N.R. and LUMLEY, J.L. 1993 Turbulence mea-

surements in axisymmetric jets of air and helium. Part 1. Air jet. J. Fluid

Mech.

246

, 197–223.

Velocity*, figure 7. Reynolds stresses*, figures 9–12.

Energy balance.

PANNU, S.S. and JOHANNESEN, N.H. 1976 The structure of jets

from notched nozzles. J. Fluid Mech.

, 515–528, 2 plates.

Supersonic

jet into still air. Geometry inspired by observed noise reduction with thrust-

reverser buckets partly deployed. Profiles or contours of mean pitot pressure.

Nice. Mean velocity*, figures 6a–6d. Flow geometry*, figure 8.

POLOMIK, E.E. 1948 Entrainment by free jets. M.S. thesis, Dept.

Chem. Eng., Univ. Illinois (Urbana).

Data are tabulated. Round free jet to

x/D

= 35

. Growth rate*, figure 7.

REICHARDT 1942

RICOU, F.P. and SPALDING, D.B. 1961 Measurements of entrain-

ment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. J. Fluid Mech.

, 21–32.

Geom-

etry*, figure 1. Entrainment*, figures 3, 4, 5, 7. Figure 2 needs data for

Θ = 40

◦

. Figure 4 needs Freon. Density in figure 5?

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Velocity decay, figure 8. Mean velocity*, figure 7. Reynolds stresses*, figures

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ROSENZWEIG, R.E, HOTTEL, H.C., and WILLIAMS, G.C. 1961

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J. Mech. Eng. Sci.

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MIT, 1959).

Concentration fluctuations*, figure 8. Growth rate, figure

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ROSLER, R.S. 1962 Turbulence characteristics of a submerged water

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Velocity decay,

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SAMI, S. 1967 Balance of turbulence energy in the region of jet-flow

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Geometry*, figure 1. Velocity*,

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SAMI, S., CARMODY, T., and ROUSE, H. 1967 Jet diffusion in the

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Static pressure*,

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Geometry*, figure 1. See color plates.

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Growth rate*,

figure 11. Mean velocity, figure 12.

SHAUGHNESSY, E.J. and MORTON, J.B. 1977 Laser light-scattering

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Round jet into moving fluid. Smoke detected by scattering.

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Flow viz*, photo 1.

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Downward sand-laden round jet into tank;

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Isothermal or heated jet into stagnant air. Decay on

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Rudimentary. Profiles of mean velocity; axial decay of

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Orifice flow*, figures 4, 5. Entrainment*, figures 6, 8, 9.

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Orifice flow*,

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THOMAS, J.S.G. and EVANS, E.V. 1923 The entrainment of air by

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Different densities*, figure 2. Entrainment*, figures 3, 4, 5.

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Hot jets to

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Round or annular jet into air at rest; profiles of

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VOORHEIS, T.S. 1940 The entrainment of air by axially symmetrical

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Velocity*, figure 1.

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Water jet into water.

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Wall pressure*, figures 2, 3.

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Round jet into stagnant fluid; profiles of mean ve-

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time-space correlation and celerity. Very fine data. Mean velocity*, figure 1,

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1974 Avidor, AIAA Paper 74-579

1987 Parekh et al, AIAA 87-0164

1989 Mungal and Hollingsworth, PF

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1991 Miller and Dimotakis, PF

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Linearized integral equations.

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Round jet of hydrogen or

325

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Intermittency*, figure 4.

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ANTONIA, R.A. and BILGER, R.W. 1976 The heated round jet in

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BECKER, H.A., HOTTEL, H.C., and WILLIAMS, G.C. 1962 Mix-

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Round jet (oil fog as tracer) into still air or into cylindri-

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Emphasis is on recirculation in duct. Velocity*, figures 3, 15. Growth*,

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BECKER, H.A., HOTTEL, H.C., and WILLIAMS, G.C. 1965 Con-

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Intermittency*, figure 3. Growth rate*, figure

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CATALANO, G.D., MORTON, J.B., and HUMPHRIS, R.R. 1976 Ex-

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Near field only.

CHAMPAGNE, F.H. and WYGNANSKI, I.J. 1971 An experimental

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Apparently aimed at fanjet configuration. Centerline decay,

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figure 4, Growth rate*, figure 5, Mean velocity*, figures 14–16. Reynolds

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CHIGIER, N.A. and BEER, J.M. 1964 The flow region near the noz-

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Round jet within annular jet (same or different fluids); profiles of mean

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Mostly on mixing layer. Profiles of

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DURAO, D. and WHITELAW, J.H. 1973 Turbulent mixing in the

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Mean velocity*, figure 2. Reynolds stresses*, figures 4, 5.

FORSTALL, W. Jr. and SHAPIRO, A.H. 1950 Momentum and mass

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Round air jet into

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, 219–220. May also be MIT Project Meteor Rep.

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Decay*, figure 7.

GELB, G.H. and MARTIN, W.A. 1966 An experimental investiga-

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HAMMERSLEY, R.J. 1974 An experimental investigation of the tur-

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Profiles of mean velocity. This is thesis by Khodadadi at Illinois (ref 9).

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Growth rate*, figure 5b. Decay*, figure 5a.

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Some pressure data.

KO, N.W.M. and KWAN, A.S.H. 1974 Experimental investigation of

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Mean velocity*, figure 2. Reynolds

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KOBASHI, Y. 1952 Experimental studies on compound jets (mea-

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Continues work of Tani and

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Reynolds stresses*, figures 3, 4, 6, 7.

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Student of Mickley. Data are tabulated.

LANDIS, F. and SHAPIRO, A.H. 1951 The turbulent mixing of co-

axial gas jets. In Proc. Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute (xxxx

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Ducted jet with He or CO

tracer in primary stream.

Axial decay; faired profiles of mean velocity, temperature, concentration.

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Pressure phase*, figure 12.

LITTLE, B.H. Jr. and WILBUR, S.W. 1951 Turbulence-intensity mea-

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Rough

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Round jet into faster or slower ambient stream;

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MATSUMOTO, R., KIMOTO, K., and TSUCHIMOTO, N. 1973 A

study on double concentric jets I. Bull. JSME

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Mainly on effect

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MOON, L.F. 1976 Pressure and velocity in a developing coaxial jet.

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Model for coaxial injector (fuel and oxidizer). Profiles

of mean velocity, turbulence intensity; entrainment. Geometry*, figure 1.

Mean velocity*, figures 4, 5. Static pressure*, figure 6. Reynolds stresses*,

figures 11, 12. Mean flowfield*, figure 18. Also paper at 11th JANNAF

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MORRISON, G.L., TATTERSON, G.B., and LONG, M.W. 1987 A

3-D laser velocimeter investigation of turbulent, incompressible flow in an

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Decay*, figures 3,

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309

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Geometry*, figures 1, 2. Velocity decay*, figure 4. Velocity*, figures 7, 8.

Survey*, table 1.

OWEN, F.K. 1975 Laser velocimeter measurements in free and con-

fined coaxial jets with recirculation. AIAA Paper 75-120.

Mean velocity*,

figures 5–7, 14. Reynolds stresses*, figure 9.

OWEN, F.K. 1976 Measurements and observations of turbulent re-

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, 1556–1562 (see also Laser velocimeter

measurements in free and confined coaxial jets with recirculation. AIAA

Paper 75–120).

Slow jet in fast stream. Frequency-biased LDV. Captive

toroidal eddy near nozzle exit. Some faired and unfaired data for mean

velocity, turbulence intensity. Streamlines*, figures 4, 8. Mean velocity*,

figures 3, 5, 7. Velocity decay*, figure 6.

PABST, O.E. 1960 Die Ausbreitung heisser Gasstrahlen in bewegter

Luft. Luftfahrttechnik

, 271–279.

See U&M 8004 for same data. Three

flows. Velocity*, figures 3, 5, etc. Temperature*, figures 4, 6, etc.

RAZINSKY, E. and BRIGHTON, J.A. 1971 Confined jet mixing for

nonseparating conditions. Trans. ASME (J. Basic Eng.)

93D

, 333-347

(discussion, 347–349).

Long pipe of constant diameter. Profiles of mean

velocity, Reynolds stresses. Pressure*, figures 3, 4. Velocity*, figures 5–8,

30. Reynolds stresses*, figures 9–20.

REICHARDT, H. 1964 Turbulente Strahlausbreitung in gleichgericht-

eter Grundstr ̈omung. Forsch. Ing.-Wes.

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Problematik der turbulenten Strahlausbreitung in einer Grundstr ̈omung,

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Transition from strong jet to

linearized negative wake. Some cursory measurements of half width vs

x/D

for various ratios of jet to stream velocity. Geometry*, figure 1. Growth

rate*, figures 6, 9, 10. AR claims error in eq. 8; see MPI Mitt. 35.

REICHARDT, H. 1965 Zur Problematik der turbulenten Strahlaus-

breitung in einer Grundstr ̈omung. Mitt. MPI und AVA, Nr. 35.

Momen-

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ROZENMAN, T. and WEINSTEIN, H. 1970 Recirculation patterns

in the initial region of coaxial jets. NASA CR-1595. See also Ph. D. Thesis,

Experimental investigation of recirculation patterns in the initial region of

coaxial jets, Ill. Inst. Tech., 1969, by T. Rozenman.

Jet of air or Freon 12

into faster air flow. Emphasis on development of recirculation bubble. Ge-

ometry*, figure 1. Velocity decay*, figure 7. Streamlines*, figure 11. Static

pressure*, figures 22, 23.

SMITH, D.J. and HUGHES, T. 1977 Some measurements in a tur-

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330

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Velocity*, figures 1, 2. Reynolds stresses*, figures 6–12.

SO, R.M.C. and AHMED, S.A. 1984 Characteristics of confined tur-

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Velocity*, figures 7–11. Decay*, fig-

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STRYKOWSKI, P.J. and WILCOXON, R.K. 1992 Self-excitation and

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Veloc-

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SUZUKI, K., SUGA, K., OSHIKAWA, Y., and LEE, C.G. 1987 LDV

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Velocity*, figure 4a. Reynolds stresses*, figure 4c.

TANI, I. and KOBASHI, Y. 1951 Experimental studies on compound

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468.

Round air jet in moving air stream; profiles of mean velocity, turbulent

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figure 2. Growth rate*, figure 3. Reynolds stresses*, figure 4.

TATAR, T.G. and STOCK, D.E. 1984 Measurements in a circular,

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Velocity*, figure 5. Reynolds stresses*, figure 6.

WARPINSKI, N.R., NAGIB, H.M., and LAVAN, Z. 1972 Experimen-

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Standing axially symmetric vortex. Smoke pictures, boundaries

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vs.

). Cell formation*, figure 5. Velocity on

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1954 Acharya, thesis, Delft

1959 Burley and Bryant, NASA 12-21-58E

Round jet with swirl

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Nice gener-

331

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Experimental data

CHERVINSKY, A. and CHIGIER, N.A. 1966 On similarity of ax-

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Velocity*, figure 1.

CHIGIER, N.A. and BEER, J.M. 1964 Velocity and static-pressure

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Mean velocity*, figures 4, 5, 7.

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CHIGIER, N.A. and CHERVINSKY, A. 1966 Experimental and the-

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CHIGIER, N.A. and CHERVINSKY, A. 1967 Experimental investi-

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CRAYA, A. and DARRIGOL, M. 1967 Turbulent swirling jet. Phys.

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ELSNER, J.W. and KURZAK, L. 1989 Semi-preserving development

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KERR, N.M. and FRASER, D. 1965 Swirl. Part I. Effect on axisym-

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Applied

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MATHUR, M.L. and MacCALLUM, N.R.L. 1967 Swirling air jets is-

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Looks

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MATHUR, M.L. and MacCALLUM, N.R.L. 1967 Swirling air jets is-

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PRATTE, B.D. and KEFFER, J.F. 1972 The swirling turbulent jet.

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Round air jet

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ROSE, W.G. 1962 Generation of a ”strongly” swirling jet and pre-

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ROSE, W.G. 1962 Generation of a ”strongly” swirling jet. Dept. Me-

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No swirl*, figures 5–18.

SISLIAN, J.P. and CUSWORTH, R.A. 1986 Measurements of mean

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COHEN, N.S. 1966 A correlation of the spread and decay of turbulent

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BALLAL, D.R. and CHEN, T.H. 1987 Investigations of a CO

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BALLAL, D.R. and CHEN, T.H. 1987 Effects of freestream turbu-

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Decay*,

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BIRCH, A.D., BROWN, D.R., DODSON, M.G., and THOMAS, J.R.

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TRENTACOSTE, N.P. and SFORZA, P.M. 1970 Studies in homog-

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De-

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Growth*, figures 4, 14, 36. Decay*, figures 6, 16, 36. Reynolds stresses*,

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Con-

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Mean velocity*, figure 13. Velocity decay*, figure 16. Reynolds stresses*,

figures 14, 15.

MARSTERS, G.F. 1979 The effects of upstream nozzle shaping on

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Contours of total pressure; profiles of mean

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figure 4. Turbulence contours*, figures 7–10.

MARSTERS, G.F. 1981 Spanwise velocity distribution in jets from

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SFEIR, A.A. 1979 Investigation of three-dimensional turbulent rect-

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Same as IJHMT

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339

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SFORZA, P.M. and STASI, W. 1979 Heated three-dimensional tur-

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Velocity and

temperature decay, crossover; profiles of mean velocity, mean temperature;

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SFORZA, P.M., STEIGER, M.H., and TRENTACOSTE, N. 1966 Stud-

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Rectangular,

elliptical, and triangular nozzles. Velocity decay, growth rate. Profiles of

mean velocity. See ref 16 (PIBAL Rep. 858 and 871) for data in more de-

tail. Decay*, figures 2, 3. Growth*, figures 7, 8, 9. Velocity*, figures 5,

11.

TRENTACOSTE, N. and SFORZA, P. 1967 Further experimental re-

sults for three-dimensional free jets. AIAA J.

, 885–891.

Further to Sforza,

Steiger, and Trentacoste. Geometry*, figure 1. Velocity decay*, figures 2,

3. Growth rate*, figures 5, 6. Mean velocity*, figure 7.

TRENTACOSTE, N. and SFORZA, P.M. 1968 Some remarks on three-

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Geometry*, figure 1.

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Multiple round jets

Major surveys and theory

Experimental data

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port of momentum, mass, and heat in turbulent jets. Eng. Exp. Sta, Univ.

Ill., Tech. Rep. No. 8 (summary report). Revised as EES Bull. 413, 1953.

Summary of work by Taylor, Polomik, Grimmett. Geometry*, figure 17.

Mean velocity*, figure 18. Dual nozzles*, figure 19.

UCHEMANN, D. 1949 Jet diffusion in proximity of a wall. NACA

TM 1214 (translation of ZWB U&M 3057, 1943).

Velocity*, figures 2–9,

12–15.

PIMENTA, M. and MOFFAT, R.J. 1974 Stability of flow through

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fluid at rest, instability appears above a critical velocity, but with hysteresis;

does not appear for moving external stream.

RAGHUNATHAN, S. and REID, I.M. 1981 A study of multiple jets.

AIAA J.

, 124–127.

Small supersonic jets equally spaced on circle with

fixed overall mass flow. Thrust; profiles of mean velocity; axial decay. Mo-

mentum is not conserved (!). Noise reduction up to 10 db. Mean velocity*,

figure 1. Velocity decay*, figure 2. Growth rate*, figure 3. Momentum

balance*, figure 4.

1950 Sloop and Morrell, NACA E9I21

Transition of round jet

Major surveys and theory

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flow. Zeitschr. f ̈ur angewandte Mathematik und Physik

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LANDAU, L. 1944 A new exact solution of Navier-Stokes equations.

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Point momentum source;

comments on effects of finite size for source.

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, 327–341.

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Math.

, 321–329.

Seminal paper. Includes heated case. Streamlines*,

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SQUIRE, H.B. 1952 Some viscous fluid flow problems. I: Jet emerg-

ing from a hole in a plane wall. Phil. Mag. (7)

, 942–945.

Viscosity

modifies streamlines compared to slip boundary condition. Displacement ef-

fect increases near axis. Streamlines*, figures 1–3.

Experimental data

ANDRADE, E.N. da C. and TSIEN, L.C. 1937 The velocity distri-

bution in a liquid-into-liquid jet. Proc. Phys. Soc. London

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