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nature research | reporting summary
April 2020
Corresponding author(s):
Wei Gao
Last updated by author(s):
May 30, 2022
Reporting Summary
Nature Research wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency
and transparency
in reporting. For further information on Nature Research policies, see our
Editorial Policies
and the
Editorial Policy Checklist
.
Statistics
For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Me
thods section.
n/a
Confirmed
The exact sample size (
n
) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement
A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly
The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided
Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section.
A description of all covariates tested
A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons
A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regress
ion coefficient)
AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertainty (e.g. confidence intervals)
For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g.
F
,
t
,
r
) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and
P
value noted
Give P values as exact values whenever suitable.
For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings
For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes
Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's
d
, Pearson's
r
), indicating how they were calculated
Our web collection on
statistics for biologists
contains articles on many of the points above.
Software and code
Policy information about
availability of computer code
Data collection
Mbed was used to program the microcontroller. CH Instrument was used for off-body sensor data collection. Comsol was used for t
he
simulations.
Data analysis
Origin 2018 was used to analyse and plot all the data, and to calculate the statistical parameters.
For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published lit
erature, software must be made available to editors and
reviewers. We strongly encourage code deposition in a community repository (e.g. GitHub). See the Nature Research
guidelines for submitting code & software
for further information.
Data
Policy information about
availability of data
All manuscripts must include a
data availability statement
. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable:
- Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets
- A list of figures that have associated raw data
- A description of any restrictions on data availability
The main data supporting the results in this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information. Source dat
a for Figs. 4 and 5 and for
Supplementary Figs. 36 and 39–41 are provided with this paper. All raw and analysed datasets generated during the study are ava
ilable from the corresponding
author on request.
2
nature research | reporting summary
April 2020
Field-specific reporting
Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before m
aking your selection.
Life sciences
Behavioural & social sciences
Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences
For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see
nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf
Life sciences study design
All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative.
Sample size
For the on-body evaluation of the wearable sensor, 13 healthy subjects were recruited; for the sweat BCAA study, 10 normal-weig
ht healthy
subjects, 7 overweight or obese subjects, and 3 obese T2DM patients were involved; for COVID-19 metabolic fingerprint analysis,
8 COVID-19-
positive and 8 COVID-19-negative samples were used. Sample sizes were chosen on the basis of standards in the literature for pr
oof-of-
concept experiments.
Data exclusions
No data were excluded.
Replication
All attempts at replication were successful when following the device-fabrication process described in the paper.
Randomization
The devices were fabricated with the same process and tested in all participants under same conditions. Randomization was there
fore not
relevant to the study.
Blinding
Blinding was not relevant, because a blinding process wouldn't influence the sampling result.
Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods
We require information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here,
indicate whether each material,
system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you are not sure if a list item applies to your research, read the approp
riate section before selecting a response.
Materials & experimental systems
n/a
Involved in the study
Antibodies
Eukaryotic cell lines
Palaeontology and archaeology
Animals and other organisms
Human research participants
Clinical data
Dual use research of concern
Methods
n/a
Involved in the study
ChIP-seq
Flow cytometry
MRI-based neuroimaging
Human research participants
Policy information about
studies involving human research participants
Population characteristics
Normal-weight healthy individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 to 24.9 kg m-2 with fasting serum glucose < 100 mg
dL-1 (Healthy); Overweight/obese individuals with a BMI of 25 to 35 kg m-2 and fasting serum glucose < 6 mg dL-1
(Overweight/Obesity); Obese individuals with a BMI of 25 to 35 kg m-2 and fasting serum glucose >= 126 mg dL-1 (Obesity &
T2DM). COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative serum samples were purchased from RayBiotech, Inc.
Recruitment
The participating subjects were recruited from Caltech campus, UCLA hospital and the neighboring communities through
advertisement by posted notices, word of mouth, and email distribution. There were no self-selection biases or other biases.
Ethics oversight
California Institute of Technology
Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript.