Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020

Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Arbet Engels, A.; Artero, M.; Asano, K.; Baack, D.; Babić, A.; Baquero, A.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Batković, I.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bellizzi, L.; Bernardini, E.; Bernardos, M.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bošnjak, Ž; Busetto, G.; Carosi, R.; Ceribella, G.; Cerruti, M.; Chai, Y.; Chilingarian, A.; Cikota, S.; Colak, S. M.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Amico, G.; D'Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Delgado Mendez, C.; Depaoli, D.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Do Souto Espiñeira, E.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Elsaesser, D.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Fattorini, A.; Ferrara, G.; Fonseca, M. V.; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Fukami, S.; García López, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Gliwny, P.; Godinović, N.; Green, J. G.; Green, D.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera, J.; Hoang, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hütten, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Ishio, K.; Iwamura, Y.; Jiménez, I.; Jormanainen, J.; Jouvin, L.; Kajiwara, Y.; Karjalainen, M.; Kerszberg, D.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamastra, A.; Lelas, D.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.; Maggio, C.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Mannheim, K.; Maraschi, L.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Mazin, D.; Menchiari, S.; Mender, S.; Mićanović, S.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molina, E.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno, V.; Moretti, E.; Neustroev, V.; Nigro, C.; Nilsson, K.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Otero-Santos, J.; Paiano, S.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pavletić, L.; Peñil, P.; Perennes, C.; Persic, M.; Prada Moroni, P. G.; Prandini, E.; Priyadarshi, C.; Puljak, I.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Saha, L.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Sakurai, S.; Satalecka, K.; Saturni, F. G.; Schleicher, B.; Schmidt, K.; Schweizer, T.; Sitarek, J.; Šnidarić, I.; Sobczynska, D.; Spolon, A.; Stamerra, A.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Surić, T.; Takahashi, M.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Tosti, L.; Truzzi, S.; Tutone, A.; Ubach, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vanzo, G.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Verguilov, V.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Will, M.; Wunderlich, C.; Zarić, D.; de Palma, F.; D'Ammando, F.; Barnacka, A.; Sahu, D. K.; Hodges, M.; Hovatta, T.; Kiehlmann, S.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Reeves, R.; Pearson, T. J.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Björklund, I.; Tornikoski, M.; Tammi, J.; Suutarinen, S.; Hada, K.; Niinuma, K.

doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3454

Published February 2022 | Version Accepted Version + Published

Journal Article Open

Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020

1. University of La Laguna
2. University of Udine
3. National Institute for Astrophysics
4. ETH Zurich
5. Institute for High Energy Physics
6. University of Tokyo
7. TU Dortmund University
8. University of Zagreb
9. Complutense University of Madrid
10. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
11. University of Padua
12. University of Łódź
13. University of Siena
14. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
15. University of Turin
16. Max Planck Institute for Physics
17. University of Pisa
18. University of Barcelona
19. Alikhanyan National Laboratory
20. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
21. Universität Innsbruck
22. Port d'Informació Científica
23. Polytechnic University of Bari
24. University of Rijeka
25. University of Würzburg
26. Ruhr University Bochum
27. Autonomous University of Barcelona
28. National Academy of Sciences of Armenia
29. University of Split
30. University of Osijek
31. RIKEN
32. University of Turku
33. Kyoto University
34. Tokai University
35. University of Trieste
36. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
37. Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
38. University of Oulu
39. University of Bologna
40. Rudjer Boskovic Institute
41. INFN Sezione di Perugia
42. National Institute for Nuclear Physics
43. University of Salento
44. INFN Sezione di Lecce
45. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
46. Jagiellonian University
47. Indian Institute of Astrophysics
48. California Institute of Technology
49. Aalto University
50. FORTH Institute of Astrophysics
51. University of Crete
52. University of Chile
53. University of Concepción
54. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
55. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
56. Yamaguchi University

We report multiwavelength observations of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 in 2016–2020. Optical, X-ray, and GeV flares were detected. The contemporaneous MAGIC observations do not show significant very high energy (VHE; ≳100 GeV) gamma-ray emission. The lack of enhancement in radio emission measured by The Owens Valley Radio Observatory indicates the multizone nature of the emission from this object. We constrain the VHE duty cycle of the source to be <16 2014-like flares per year (95 per cent confidence). For the first time for this source, a broad-band low-state spectral energy distribution is constructed with a deep exposure up to the VHE range. A flux upper limit on the low-state VHE gamma-ray emission of an order of magnitude below that of the 2014 flare is determined. The X-ray data are used to fit the column density of (8.10 ± 0.93_(stat)) × 10²¹ cm⁻² of the dust in the lensing galaxy. VLBI observations show a clear radio core and jet components in both lensed images, yet no significant movement of the components is seen. The radio measurements are used to model the source-lens-observer geometry and determine the magnifications and time delays for both components. The quiescent emission is modelled with the high-energy bump explained as a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton and external Compton emission from a region located outside of the broad-line region. The bulk of the low-energy emission is explained as originating from a tens-of-parsecs scale jet.

Additional Information

© 2021 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Accepted 2021 November 24. Received 2021 October 26; in original form 2021 July 29. We would like to thank the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias for the excellent working conditions at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the German BMBF, MPG, and HGF; the Italian INFN and INAF; the Swiss National Fund SNF; the ERDF under the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (FPA2017-87859-P, FPA2017-85668-P, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, FPA2017-90566-REDC, PID2019-104114RB-C31, PID2019-104114RB-C32, PID2019-105510GB-C31, PID2019-107847RB-C41, PID2019-107847RB-C42, PID2019-107988GB-C22); the Indian Department of Atomic Energy; the Japanese ICRR, the University of Tokyo, JSPS, and MEXT; the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-268/16.12.2019 and the Academy of Finland grant nr. 320045 is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia 'Severo Ochoa' SEV-2016-0588 and CEX2019-000920-S, and 'María de Maeztu' CEX2019-000918-M, the Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu' MDM-2015-0509-18-2 and the 'la Caixa' Foundation (fellowship LCF/BQ/PI18/11630012) and by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya; by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project uniri-prirod-18-48; by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3; the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382; and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq, and FAPERJ. The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. We thank Director of Indian Institute of Astrophysics for allotting us observing time with HCT under DDT. We also thank the staff of IAO, Hanle and CREST, Hosakote, that made HCT observations possible. The facilities at IAO and CREST are operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore. The Joan Oró Telescope (TJO) of the Montsec Astronomical Observatory (OAdM) is owned by the Catalan Government and operated by the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC). This research has made use of data from the OVRO 40-m monitoring program which was supported in part by NASA grants NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G, and NNX14AQ89G, and NSF grants AST-0808050 and AST-1109911, and private funding from Caltech and the MPIfR. SK acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 771282. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and operated by the California Institute of Technology. This publication makes use of data obtained at the Metsähovi Radio Observatory, operated by Aalto University in Finland. Part of this work is based on archival data, software or online services provided by the Space Science Data Center - ASI. We would like to thank the anonymous journal reviewer for his/her comments that helped to improve the manuscript. DATA AVAILABILITY. The data used in this article were accessed from the MAGIC telescope http://vobs.magic.pic.es/fits/. The derived data generated in this research will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

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Additional details

Alternative title: MWL study of QSO B0218+357

Eprint ID: 113844
Resolver ID: CaltechAUTHORS:20220309-966091000

Describes: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.12926 (URL); http://vobs.magic.pic.es/fits/ (URL)

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
Max Planck Society
Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
FPA2017-87859-P
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
FPA2017-85668-P
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
FPA2017-90566-REDC
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-104114RB-C31
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-104114RB-C32
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-105510GB-C31
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-107847RB-C41
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-107847RB-C42
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-107988GB-C22
Department of Atomic Energy (India)
European Regional Development Fund
University of Tokyo
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria)
DO1-268/16.12.2019
Academy of Finland
320045
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
SEV-2016-0588
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
CEX2019-000920-S
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
CEX2019-000918-M
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
MDM-2015-0509-18-2
La Caixa Foundation
LCF/BQ/PI18/11630012
Generalitat de Catalunya
Croatian Science Foundation
IP-2016-06-9782
University of Rijeka
uniri-prirod-18-48
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
SFB823/C4
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
SFB876/C3
National Science Centre (Poland)
UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)
Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Swedish Research Council
Swedish National Space Board (SNSB)
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-AC02-76SF00515
NASA
NNX08AW31G
NASA
NNX11A043G
NASA
NNX14AQ89G
NSF
AST-0808050
NSF
AST-1109911
Caltech
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR)
European Research Council (ERC)
771282
NASA/JPL/Caltech

Created: 2022-03-10

Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated: 2023-03-16

Created from EPrint's last_modified field

Caltech groups: Astronomy Department, Owens Valley Radio Observatory

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Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020

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Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020

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