Published October 11, 2025 | Version Accepted
Journal Article Open

Spectroscopic Classification of Extragalactic Transients from CRTS

  • 1. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 2. ROR icon Jet Propulsion Lab
  • 3. ROR icon Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
  • 4. ROR icon Millennium Institute of Astrophysics
  • 5. ROR icon Diego Portales University
  • 6. ROR icon University of Arizona

Abstract

The Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) carried out a public survey for optical transients between 2007 and 2019, discovering more than 16,000 transient candidates. Here we present the spectra and highlight the results of the spectroscopic follow-up of CRTS extragalactic transients. As expected, we find that the bulk of these transients are normal supernovae. However, as we prioritised transients exhibiting unusual features or environments during our spectroscopic follow-up, we focus on the rarer types of transients. These objects include more than a dozen type-I superluminous supernovae and dozens of type-I and II supernovae that underwent circumstellar medium interactions. We highlight several specific supernovae, including a new analysis of SN 2008iy, a type-IIn which exhibited a bright pre-supernova outburst event similar to SN 2009ip and lasted more than 1800 days; CSS111225:140122+161705, a type-I supernova that showed an extreme 2.5 magnitude rebrightening event more than 200 days after its initial outburst; and SN 2009ny, a type-Ibn supernova that exhibited strong helium emission lines similar to SN 2002ao. We confirm our previous finding that numerous CRTS transients are associated with galaxies of extremely low luminosity. We discuss the difficulty in determining the origin of transients associated with outbursts in active galactic nuclei (AGN), tidal disruption events, and type-IIn supernovae. As an example, we present CSS150120:110008+385352, a CRTS transient similar to CSS100217:102913+404220 that occurred within a quiescent AGN and peaked at M_V = −23.6.

Copyright and License

© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

CRTS, CSDR1 and CSDR2 are supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grant NSF grants AST-1313422, AST-1413600, AST-1518308, and AST-1749235. The CSS survey is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNG05GF22G issued through the Science Mission Directorate Near-Earth Objects Observations Program. SGD acknowledges generous support from the Ajax Foundation. AJD
and MC acknowledge partial support by CONICYT’s PCI program through grant DPI20140066. MC is additionally supported by ANID’s FONDECYT Regular grants #1171273 and 1231637; ANID’s Millennium Science Initiative through grants ICN12_009 and AIM23-0001, awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS); and ANID’s Basal project FB210003. JLP acknowledges support from ANID, Millenium Science Initiative, AIM23-0001. This work has made use of spectra obtained via WISeREP - https://www.wiserep.org. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the PanSTARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is a joint project of The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, University of Pittsburgh, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington. Funding for the project has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. www.sdss.org is a winner of the Griffith Observatory’s Star Award.

Data Availability

The spectroscopic data used in this paper will be made publicly available from the CRTS release website
(http://nesssi.cacr.caltech.edu/DataRelease/) upon publication and is available request to the corresponding author. Photometric measurements for all CRTS transients is currently public through the same address. Comparison spectra and PanSTARRS photometry are publicly available via WISeREP (https://www.wiserep.org) and MAST (https://archive.stsci.edu/panstarrs/), respectively. SDSS galaxy line measurements are public available via the MPA/JHU catalog (https://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/SDSS/)

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Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2510.20989 (arXiv)

Funding

National Science Foundation
AST-1313422
National Science Foundation
AST-1413600
National Science Foundation
AST-1518308
National Science Foundation
AST-1749235
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NNG05GF22G
Consejo Nacional de Innovación, Ciencia y Tecnología
DPI20140066
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
1171273
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
1231637
Millennium Science Initiative
ICN12_009
Millennium Institute of Astrophysics
AIM23-0001
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
FB210003
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NNX08AR22G
National Science Foundation
AST-1238877
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
Astronomy Department, Center for Data-Driven Discovery (CDDD), Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status
Accepted