Table 1. Selected Organic Acid Measurements in Urban Atmospheres

Study	Location	Measurements	Amount, mug/m3
Grosjean et al. (1978)
Los Angeles, USA	dicarboxylic acids (C4-C6)	C4-C6 range = 0.2-0.5
Appel et al. (1979)
Southern California, USA	dicarboxylic acids (C5-C6)	C5-C6 range = 0.84-1.80
Satsumabayashi et al. (1989)
Takasaki; suburban area near Tokyo, Japan	dicarboxylic acids (C2-C8)	C2-C8 ave = 0.17; may have been serious underestimation of oxalic and malonic acids [Kawamura and Ikushima, 1993]Kawamura and Ikushima (1993)
Tokyo, Japan	dicarboxylic acids (C2-C10) (total suspended particulate matter; TSP)	C2-C10 ave = 0.48 +/- 0.33 (range = 0.09-1.37); ave oxalate = 0.27 (range = 0.04-0.73); C2-C4 dicarboxylic acids ~80% of total dicarboxylic acid mass
Sempere and Kawamura (1994)
Tokyo, Japan	dicarboxylic acids (C2-C5)	C2-C5 ave = 2.25
Kawamura and Kaplan (1987)
Los Angeles, USA	dicarboxylic acids (C2-C10) (TSP)	C2-C10 ave = 1.41 (range = 0.59-2.50); ave oxalate = 0.46 (range = 0.19-0.78)
Souza et al. (1999)
Sao Paulo, Brazil	carboxylic acids (C1-C4)	C1-C4 ave = 2.75 +/- 2.28 (range = 0.24-7.42)
Limbeck and Puxbaum (1999)
Vienna, Austria	oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, glyoxylate, pyruvate (TSP)	0.34, 0.24, 0.12, 0.03, 0.12, 0.02, 0.06, respectively
Rohrl and Lammel (2001)
Eichstadt and Leipzig, Germany	dicarboxylic acids (C2-C5) and glyoxylate (TSP)	C2-C5 ave = 0.34-0.35; Leipzig: oxalate = 0.23 (range = 0.06-0.50), glyoxylate = 0.008
Salam et al. (2003)
Dhaka, Bangladesh	oxalate, malonate, succinate, malate, formate, acetate (TSP)	0.71, 0.07, 0.04, 0.05, 0.10, 0.13, respectively; organic acids ~0.72% of OC mass; ave OC = 45.7 mug/m3
Yao et al. (2004)
Hong Kong	winter: oxalate, malonate, succinate (PM2.5)	0.35-0.37, 0.02-0.03, 0.05-0.07, respectively
		summer: oxalate, malonate, succinate (PM2.5)	0.09-0.17, 0.01, 0.01, respectively
Russell and Allen (2004)a
southeast Texas, USA	total secondary organic carbon (SOC; PM2.5)	SOC range = (0.65 +/- 1.11) - (1.15 +/- 1.52)
		mean fraction of SOC (PM2.5)	range = (0.05 +/- 0.06) - (0.10 +/- 0.33)
Sullivan et al. (2006)
northeastern USA	water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; PM1.0) (airborne measurements below 1 km)	WSOC range = 2-6 mug C/m3
Huang et al. (2005)
Beijing, China	dicarboxylic acids (C2-C5) and malate, glyoxylate, pyruvate (PM2.5)	C2-C5 range = 0.17-0.53, ave oxalate = 0.22 (range = 0.1-0.4), malate = 0.03, glyoxylate = 0.02, pyruvate = 0.03
Huang et al. (2006) and Huang and Yu (2007)
Shenzhen, China	winter: oxalate (PM3.2), WSOC (PM1.8), OC/EC (organic/elemental carbon)	ave oxalate = 0.32; ave WSOC = 4.5 mug C/m3; WSOC/TC = 0.34
		summer: oxalate (PM3.2), WSOC (PM1.8), OC/EC	ave oxalate = 0.29; ave WSOC = 2.2 mug C/m3; WSOC/TC = 0.30
Kondo et al. (2007)
Tokyo, Japan	winter: WSOC, OC/EC, AMS oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) (PM1.0)	WSOC < 6 mug C/m3; 39% (total mass base) and 23% (carbon mass base) of organic aerosols were oxygenated; 88 +/- 29% of OOA was water-soluble
		summer: WSOC, OC/EC, AMS OOA and HOA (PM1.0)	WSOC < 8 mug C/m3; 80% (total mass base) and 42-65% (carbon mass base) of organic aerosols were oxygenated; 88 +/- 29% of OOA was water-soluble
Peltier et al. (2007)
Atlanta, USA	WSOC (airborne measurements at ~1 km)	median concentrations (mug C/m3): in plume = 2.5 +/- 0.2; out of plume = 2.4 +/- 0.2

aGround site measurements made by Russell and Allen (2004) were in the same area as the GoMACCS measurements.