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Supplementary Information for
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Societal shifts due to COVID-19 reveal large-scale complexities and feedbacks between
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atmospheric chemistry and climate change
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Joshua L. Laughner, Jessica L. Neu, David Schimel, Paul O. Wennberg, et al.
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Full author list:
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Joshua L. Laughner, Jessica L. Neu, David Schimel, Paul O. Wennberg, Kelley Barsanti, Kevin Bowman, Abhishek Chatterjee,
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Bart Croes, Helen Fitzmaurice, Daven Henze, Jinsol Kim, Eric A. Kort, Zhu Liu, Kazuyuki Miyazaki, Alexander J. Turner,
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Susan Anenberg, Jeremy Avise, Hansen Cao, David Crisp, Joost de Gouw, Annmarie Eldering, John Fyfe, Dan Goldberg,
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Kevin R. Gurney, Sina Hasheminassab, Francesca Hopkins, Cesunica E. Ivey, Dylan B.A. Jones, Junjie Liu, Nicole S.
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Lovenduski, Randall V. Martin, Galen A. McKinley, Lesley Ott, Benjamin Poulter, Muye Ru, Stanley P. Sander, Neil Swart, Yuk
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L. Yung, Zhao-Cheng Zeng, and the rest of the Keck Institute for Space Studies “COVID-19: Identifying Unique Opportunities
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for Earth System Science” study team
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Corresponding Authors:
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Joshua L. Laughner: jlaugh@caltech.edu
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Jessica L. Neu: jessica.l.neu@jpl.nasa.gov
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David Schimel: david.schimel@jpl.nasa.gov, or
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Paul O. Wennberg: wennberg@gps.caltech.edu
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This PDF file includes:
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Supplementary text
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Figs. S1 to S11
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Tables S1 to S4
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References for SI reference citations
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Joshua L. Laughner, Jessica L. Neu, David Schimel, Paul O. Wennberg, et al.
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Study team author list
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The Keck Institute for Space Studies “COVID-19: Identifying Unique Opportunities for Earth System Science” study team
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includes the following members in addition to the named authors:
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•
Ron Cohen: University of California Berkeley
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•
Dan Crichton: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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•
John Crounse: California Institute of Technology
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•
Dan Cusworth: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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•
Kevin Donkers: Met Office Informatics Lab (UK)
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•
Zac Flamig: Amazon
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•
Joe Flasher: Amazon
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•
Christian Frankenberg: California Institute of Technology
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•
Meredith Franklin: University of Southern California
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•
Randy Friedl: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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•
Michael Garay: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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•
Chelle Gentemann: Farallon Institute
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•
Shane Glass: Google
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•
Kathy Hibbard: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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•
Glynn Hulley: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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•
Ken Jucks: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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•
Olga Kalashnikova: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Emma Knowland: National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Space Flight Center
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Jean-Francois Lamarque: National Center for Atmospheric Research
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Barry Lefer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Chip Miller: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Pami Mukherjee: South Coast Air Quality Management District
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Olga Pikelnaya: South Coast Air Quality Management District
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Tom Prince: Keck Institute for Space Studies
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Chris Ruf: Univ. of Michigan
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Natasha Stavros: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Britt Stephens: National Center for Atmospheric Research
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Colm Sweeney: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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•
Andrew Thorpe: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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•
Karin Tuxen-Bettman: Google
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Duane Waliser: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Yuan Wang: California Institute of Technology
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Helen Worden: National Center for Atmospheric Research
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Yuqiang Zhang: Duke University
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Additional figures
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Fig. S1.
Change in 1 hr daily maximum (DM) NO
2
in 2020 relative to the average of 2015 to 2019 at the California Air Resources Board sites throughout the South Coast Air
Basin.
Fig. S2.
Change in 8 hr daily maximum (DM) O
3
in 2020 relative to the average of 2015 to 2019 at the California Air Resources Board sites throughout the South Coast Air
Basin.
Joshua L. Laughner, Jessica L. Neu, David Schimel, Paul O. Wennberg, et al.
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Sites are ordered by longitude (from west to east)
Fig. S3.
Average derivatives of O
3
response vs. temperature between May and September at California Air Resources Board sites throughout the South Cost Air Basin for
years 2015–2020. Each group of bars is one site, and are ordered by longitude (west to east).
Mar
Apr
May
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Pollutant conc. [ug m
-3
]
NO
x
EMS [10
12
molec cm
-2
s
-1
]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Gas ratio
BAU NO Emissions
x
COVID-19 NO Emissions
x
Nitrate
Gas ratio
Fig. S4.
Simulated inorganic nitrate aerosol sensitivity at downtown LA for two model runs during March to May 2020. Dashed lines represent the run with lockdown-induced
emissions reductions (COVID-19), solid lines represent the business as usual (BAU) run. NO
x
emissions are shown in black, nitrate aerosol concentration in blue, and the gas
ratio in red. A gas ratio
<
1
indicates NH
3
-limited (compared to NO
x
-limited chemistry). See the SI for more information.
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Joshua L. Laughner, Jessica L. Neu, David Schimel, Paul O. Wennberg, et al.
Mar: BAU NO
x
EMS
Gas ratio
Mar: COVID-19 NO
x
EMS
0.00
0.30
0.50
0.70
0.95
1.05
1.50
2.00
3.00
10.00
Di
ff
erence (COVID - BAU)
-5.0
-1.0
-0.5
-0.1
0.1
0.5
1.0
5.0
Relative di
ff
erence (COVID - BAU)/BAU
-1.0
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
Fig. S5.
Average change in gas ratios for March 2020 between a model simulation using business as usual (BAU) NO
x
emissions and one using emissions based on NO
2
observations for March 2020 (COVID-19). The gas ratio is described in
Eq. (4)
; a value
<
1
indicates NH
3
limited nitrate aerosol formation; a value
>
1
indicates NO
x
limited aerosol formation.
Apr: BAU NO
x
EMS
Gas ratio
Apr: COVID-19 NO
x
EMS
0.00
0.30
0.50
0.70
0.95
1.05
1.50
2.00
3.00
10.00
Difference (COVID - BAU)
-5.0
-1.0
-0.5
-0.1
0.1
0.5
1.0
5.0
Relative di
ff
erence (COVID - BAU)/BAU
-1.0
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
Fig. S6.
Same as Fig. S5, but for April 2020.
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May: BAU NO
x
EMS
Gas ratio
May: COVID-19 NO
x
EMS
0.00
0.30
0.50
0.70
0.95
1.05
1.50
2.00
3.00
10.00
Di
ff
erence (COVID - BAU)
-5.0
-1.0
-0.5
-0.1
0.1
0.5
1.0
5.0
Relative di
ff
erence (COVID - BAU)/BAU
-1.0
-0.8
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
Fig. S7.
Same as Fig. S5, but for May 2020.
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