CaltechAUTHORS
Published May 10, 2022 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 2. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
  • 3. ROR icon Harvard University
  • 4. ROR icon Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
  • 5. ROR icon Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
  • 6. ROR icon University of Malaya
  • 7. ROR icon Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  • 8. ROR icon The University of Texas at San Antonio
  • 9. ROR icon Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
  • 10. ROR icon University of Valencia
  • 11. ROR icon University of Arizona
  • 12. ROR icon Yale University
  • 13. ROR icon University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
  • 14. ROR icon Fermilab
  • 15. ROR icon University of Chicago
  • 16. ROR icon East Asian Observatory
  • 17. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 18. ROR icon University of Hawaii at Manoa
  • 19. ROR icon McGill University
  • 20. ROR icon International Research Institute for Radio Astronomy
  • 21. ROR icon Radboud University Nijmegen
  • 22. ROR icon Perimeter Institute
  • 23. ROR icon University of Waterloo
  • 24. ROR icon University of Massachusetts Amherst
  • 25. ROR icon Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
  • 26. ROR icon Korea University of Science and Technology
  • 27. ROR icon Chalmers University of Technology
  • 28. ROR icon Princeton University
  • 29. ROR icon Cornell University
  • 30. ROR icon Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
  • 31. ROR icon Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • 32. ROR icon Fairfield University
  • 33. ROR icon Goethe University Frankfurt
  • 34. ROR icon Shanghai Jiao Tong University
  • 35. ROR icon The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
  • 36. ROR icon Columbia University
  • 37. ROR icon University of Naples Federico II
  • 38. ROR icon University of the Witwatersrand
  • 39. ROR icon University of Pretoria
  • 40. ROR icon Rhodes University
  • 41. ROR icon Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
  • 42. ROR icon University of Colorado Boulder
  • 43. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatories
  • 44. ROR icon Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
  • 45. ROR icon University of California, Santa Barbara
  • 46. ROR icon National Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • 47. ROR icon Google (United States)
  • 48. ROR icon University of Würzburg
  • 49. ROR icon University of Cagliari
  • 50. ROR icon Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari
  • 51. ROR icon University of Southern Denmark
  • 52. ROR icon National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
  • 53. ROR icon Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
  • 54. ROR icon University of Groningen
  • 55. ROR icon Peking University
  • 56. ROR icon University of Tokyo
  • 57. ROR icon The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
  • 58. ROR icon Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
  • 59. ROR icon Leiden University
  • 60. ROR icon Boston University
  • 61. ROR icon Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe
  • 62. ROR icon Kyungpook National University
  • 63. ROR icon Kogakuin University
  • 64. ROR icon Niigata University
  • 65. ROR icon National Sun Yat-sen University
  • 66. ROR icon NOIRLab
  • 67. ROR icon Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • 68. ROR icon Nanjing University
  • 69. ROR icon Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
  • 70. ROR icon National Taiwan University
  • 71. ROR icon National Autonomous University of Mexico
  • 72. ROR icon Yunnan Observatories
  • 73. ROR icon University of Amsterdam
  • 74. ROR icon Institute for Advanced Study
  • 75. ROR icon European Space Research and Technology Centre
  • 76. ROR icon Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica
  • 77. ROR icon University of Concepción
  • 78. ROR icon National Institute of Technology
  • 79. ROR icon South African Radio Astronomy Observatory
  • 80. ROR icon National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  • 81. ROR icon Villanova University
  • 82. ROR icon University of Washington
  • 83. ROR icon Sejong University
  • 84. ROR icon Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
  • 85. ROR icon University of Toronto
  • 86. ROR icon Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
  • 87. ROR icon University of California, Berkeley
  • 88. ROR icon University College Cork
  • 89. ROR icon National Taiwan Normal University
  • 90. ROR icon University of Turku
  • 91. ROR icon Aalto University
  • 92. ROR icon Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
  • 93. ROR icon Trinity College Dublin
  • 94. ROR icon Hiroshima University
  • 95. ROR icon Yonsei University
  • 96. ROR icon Texas Tech University
  • 97. ROR icon Dutch Research Council
  • 98. ROR icon Seoul National University
  • 99. ROR icon University of New Mexico
  • 100. ROR icon University of Central Lancashire
  • 101. ROR icon Brandeis University
  • 102. ROR icon Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • 103. ROR icon University College London
  • 104. ROR icon University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • 105. ROR icon University of Science and Technology of China
  • 106. ROR icon Bard College

Abstract

In this paper we quantify the temporal variability and image morphology of the horizon-scale emission from Sgr A*, as observed by the EHT in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. We find that the Sgr A* data exhibit variability that exceeds what can be explained by the uncertainties in the data or by the effects of interstellar scattering. The magnitude of this variability can be a substantial fraction of the correlated flux density, reaching ∼100% on some baselines. Through an exploration of simple geometric source models, we demonstrate that ring-like morphologies provide better fits to the Sgr A* data than do other morphologies with comparable complexity. We develop two strategies for fitting static geometric ring models to the time-variable Sgr A* data; one strategy fits models to short segments of data over which the source is static and averages these independent fits, while the other fits models to the full data set using a parametric model for the structural variability power spectrum around the average source structure. Both geometric modeling and image-domain feature extraction techniques determine the ring diameter to be 51.8 ± 2.3 μas (68% credible intervals), with the ring thickness constrained to have an FWHM between ∼30% and 50% of the ring diameter. To bring the diameter measurements to a common physical scale, we calibrate them using synthetic data generated from GRMHD simulations. This calibration constrains the angular size of the gravitational radius to be - 4.8^(+0.14)__(-0.7) μas, which we combine with an independent distance measurement from maser parallaxes to determine the mass of Sgr A* to be - 4.0^(+1.1)_(-0.6) x 10⁶ M_e.

Additional Information

© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2022 March 15; revised 2022 April 12; accepted 2022 April 12; published 2022 May 12. Focus on First Sgr A* Results from the Event Horizon Telescope. We thank an anonymous referee for insightful and constructive comments that helped improve the quality of this paper. The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration thanks the following organizations and programs: the Academia Sinica; the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19_058 (TITANs) and Fondecyt 1221421, the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University and Radboud University; the ALMA North America Development Fund; the Black Hole Initiative, which is funded by grants from the John Templeton Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (although the opinions expressed in this work are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these Foundations); Chandra DD7-18089X and TM6-17006X; the China Scholarship Council; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship (2020M671266); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356); the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, projects IN112417 and IN112820); the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and grant OCENW.KLEIN.113; the Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO Grant 2021.013); the EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association, which consists of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements RadioNet (No 730562) and M2FINDERS (No 101018682); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); MICINN Research Project PID2019-108995GB-C22; the European Research Council for advanced grant 'JETSET: Launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from binary mergers and across mass scales' (Grant No. 884631); the Institute for Advanced Study; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; DFG research grant "Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond" (Grant No. FR 4069/2-1); Joint Princeton/Flatiron and Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowships, research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation; the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT; grant JPMXP1020200109); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (103-2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001-042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001-051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124-M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, and 110-2923-M-001-001); the Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program; the Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645); NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555; the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306); NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship (AST-1903847); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, Brain Pool Program: 2019H1D3A1A01102564, Basic Research Support Grant 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255); Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships; Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21); the University of Pretoria for financial aid in the provision of the new Cluster Server nodes and SuperMicro (USA) for a SEEDING GRANT approved towards these nodes in 2020; the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch (JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017- 0709); the Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO, grant ID 77948), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the Toray Science Foundation; Swedish Research Council (VR); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001); and the YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship. We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. We also thank the Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The computing cluster of Shanghai VLBI correlator supported by the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China is acknowledged. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China and Natural Science Foundation of China grant 11873028. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrófisica, Óptica, y Electrónica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30-m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. Support for SPT participation in the EHT is provided by the National Science Foundation through award OPP-1852617 to the University of Chicago. Partial support is also provided by the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. This research is part of the Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation AST20023. Frontera is made possible by National Science Foundation award OAC-1818253. This research was carried out using resources provided by the Open Science Grid, which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. Additional work used ABACUS2.0, which is part of the eScience center at Southern Denmark University. Simulations were also performed on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart, and on the Pi2.0 and Siyuan Mark-I at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The computer resources of the Finnish IT Center for Science (CSC) and the Finnish Computing Competence Infrastructure (FCCI) project are acknowledged. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We thank Martin Shepherd for the addition of extra features in the Difmap software that were used for the CLEAN imaging results presented in this paper. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people. Facility: EHT - . Software: Comrade, DIFMAP, DPI, eht-imaging, metronization, REx, SMILI, Stan, Themis, VIDA.

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Additional details

Identifiers

Eprint ID
114718
Resolver ID
CaltechAUTHORS:20220513-734311000

Funding

Academia Sinica
Academy of Finland
274477
Academy of Finland
284495
Academy of Finland
312496
Academy of Finland
315721
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)
NCN19_058
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT)
1221421
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
Allegro
ALMA Regional Centre
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NOVA)
University of Amsterdam
Leiden University
Radboud University
ALMA North America Development Fund
Black Hole Initiative
John Templeton Foundation
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
NASA Chandra
DD7-18089X
NASA Chandra
TM6-17006X
China Scholarship Council
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
2020M671266
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
U0004-246083
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
U0004-259839
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
F0003-272050
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
M0037-279006
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
F0003-281692
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
104497
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
275201
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
263356
Junta de Andalucía
P18-FR-1769
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
2019AEP112
Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
IN112417
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
IN112820
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
639.043.513
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
OCENW.KLEIN.113
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
2021.013
East Asia Core Observatories Association
Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Center for Astronomical Mega-Science
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI)
European Research Council (ERC)
610058
European Research Council (ERC)
730562
European Research Council (ERC)
101018682
Generalitat Valenciana
APOSTD/2018/177
Generalitat Valenciana
CIDEGENT/2018/021
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN)
PID2019-108995GB-C22
European Research Council (ERC)
884631
Institute for Advanced Study
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
FR 4069/2-1
Princeton University
Flatiron Institute
Columbia University
Simons Foundation
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
JPMXP1020200109
Monbukagakusho
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP17J08829
Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057
Chinese Academy of Sciences
QYZDJSSW-SYS008
Chinese Academy of Sciences
ZDBS-LY-SLH011
Leverhulme Trust
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18KK0090
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP21H01137
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18H03721
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18K13594
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18K03709
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP19K14761
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
18H01245
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
25120007
Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant
FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
103-2119-M-001-010-MY2
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
105-2112-M-001-025-MY3
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
105-2119-M-001-042
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2112-M-001-011
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2119-M-001-013
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2119-M-001-027
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
106-2923-M-001-005
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-017
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-020
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-001-041
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2119-M-110-005
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
107-2923-M-001-009
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
108-2112-M-001-048
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
108-2112-M-001-051
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
108-2923-M-001-002
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
109-2112-M-001-025
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
109-2124-M-001-005
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
109-2923-M-001-001
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
110-2112-M-003-007-MY2
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
110-2112-M-001-033
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
110-2124-M-001-007
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
110-2923-M-001-001
Ministry of Education (Taipei)
National Center for Theoretical Sciences (Taiwan)
NASA
80NSSC20K1567
NASA
80NSSC20K0527
NASA
80NSSC20K0645
NASA Hubble Fellowship
HST-HF2-51431.001-A
NASA
NAS5-26555
National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS)
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2016YFA0400704
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2017YFA0402703
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2016YFA0400702
NSF
AST-0096454
NSF
AST-0352953
NSF
AST-0521233
NSF
AST-0705062
NSF
AST-0905844
NSF
AST-0922984
NSF
AST-1126433
NSF
AST-1140030
NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
DGE-1144085
NSF
AST-1207704
NSF
AST-1207730
NSF
AST-1207752
NSF
MRI-1228509
NSF
OPP-1248097
NSF
AST-1310896
NSF
AST-1440254
NSF
AST-1555365
NSF
AST-1614868
NSF
AST-1615796
NSF
AST-1715061
NSF
AST-1716327
NSF
AST-1716536
NSF
OISE-1743747
NSF
AST-1816420
NSF
AST-1935980
NSF
AST-2034306
NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship
AST-1903847
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11650110427
National Natural Science Foundation of China
10625314
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11721303
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11725312
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11873028
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11933007
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11991052
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11991053
National Natural Science Foundation of China
12192220
National Natural Science Foundation of China
12192223
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China
National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2015H1A2A1033752
National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2015H1D3A1066561
National Research Foundation of Korea
2019H1D3A1A01102564
National Research Foundation of Korea
2019R1F1A1059721
National Research Foundation of Korea
2021R1A6A3A01086420
National Research Foundation of Korea
2022R1C1C1005255
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO)
Swedish Research Council
2017-00648
Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development (Canada)
Province of Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PGC2018-098915-B-C21
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
AYA2016-80889-P
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PID2019-108995GB-C21
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)
PID2020-117404GB-C21
University of Pretoria
SuperMicro Corporation
Chinese Academy of Sciences
JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013
Severo Ochoa
SEV-2017-0709
Spinoza Prize
SPI 78-409
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
National Research Foundation (South Africa)
Department of Science and Innovation (South Africa)
Toray Science Foundation
Department of Energy (DOE)
89233218CNA000001
Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Department of Energy (DOE)
DE-AC05-00OR22725
Ministry of Finance (China)
Smithsonian Institution
National Key Research and Development Program of China
2017YFA0402700
National Natural Science Foundation of China
11873028
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN)
State of Arizona
NSF
OPP-1852617
Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics
NSF
ACI-1548562
NSF
DBI-0735191
NSF
DBI-1265383
NSF
DBI-1743442
NSF
TG-AST170024
NSF
TG-AST080026N
NSF
AST-170028
NSF
AST-20023
NSF
OAC-1818253
Compute Ontario
Calcul Quebec
Compute Canada

Dates

Created
2022-05-16
Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated
2022-05-16
Created from EPrint's last_modified field

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
Astronomy Department