Published August 10, 2022 | Version public
Journal Article

Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in the Second and Third LIGO-Virgo Observing Runs

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 2. ROR icon University of Salerno
  • 3. ROR icon University of Naples Federico II
  • 4. ROR icon Monash University
  • 5. ROR icon University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
  • 6. ROR icon Louisiana State University
  • 7. ROR icon Australian National University
  • 8. ROR icon Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
  • 9. ROR icon Leibniz University Hannover
  • 10. ROR icon Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • 11. ROR icon University of Cambridge
  • 12. ROR icon Friedrich Schiller University Jena
  • 13. ROR icon University of Birmingham
  • 14. ROR icon Northwestern University
  • 15. ROR icon National Institute for Space Research
  • 16. ROR icon Cardiff University
  • 17. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Pisa
  • 18. ROR icon International Centre for Theoretical Sciences
  • 19. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
  • 20. ROR icon University of Turin
  • 21. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Torino
  • 22. ROR icon University of Glasgow
  • 23. ROR icon Institut Lumière Matière
  • 24. ROR icon University of Tokyo
  • 25. ROR icon University of Barcelona
  • 26. ROR icon Université Savoie Mont Blanc
  • 27. ROR icon Gran Sasso Science Institute
  • 28. ROR icon University of Strathclyde
  • 29. ROR icon University of Udine
  • 30. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Trieste
  • 31. ROR icon Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
  • 32. ROR icon Astrophysique Relativiste, Théories, Expériences, Métrologie, Instrumentation, Signaux
  • 33. ROR icon University of Amsterdam
  • 34. ROR icon National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  • 35. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Perugia
  • 36. ROR icon University of Camerino
  • 37. ROR icon American University
  • 38. ROR icon California State University, Fullerton
  • 39. ROR icon Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
  • 40. ROR icon Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
  • 41. ROR icon European Gravitational Observatory
  • 42. ROR icon Georgia Institute of Technology
  • 43. ROR icon Chennai Mathematical Institute
  • 44. ROR icon Hirosaki University
  • 45. ROR icon Columbia University
  • 46. ROR icon University of Portsmouth
  • 47. ROR icon The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
  • 48. ROR icon University of Urbino
  • 49. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Firenze
  • 50. ROR icon Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
  • 51. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Roma I
  • 52. ROR icon Université Catholique de Louvain
  • 53. ROR icon National Institute for Subatomic Physics
  • 54. ROR icon King's College London
  • 55. ROR icon Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information
  • 56. ROR icon National Institute for Mathematical Sciences
  • 57. ROR icon Christopher Newport University
  • 58. ROR icon ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery
  • 59. ROR icon Utrecht University
  • 60. ROR icon University of Oregon
  • 61. ROR icon Syracuse University
  • 62. ROR icon University of Liège
  • 63. ROR icon University of Milano-Bicocca
  • 64. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca
  • 65. ROR icon Brera Astronomical Observatory
  • 66. ROR icon Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 67. ROR icon Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics
  • 68. ROR icon University of Florida
  • 69. ROR icon Stanford University
  • 70. ROR icon University of Pisa
  • 71. ROR icon University of Perugia
  • 72. ROR icon University of Padua
  • 73. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Padova
  • 74. ROR icon Bard College
  • 75. ROR icon Montana State University
  • 76. ROR icon Institute for Plasma Research
  • 77. ROR icon Ghent University
  • 78. ROR icon Polish Academy of Sciences
  • 79. ROR icon University of Sannio
  • 80. ROR icon University of Adelaide
  • 81. ROR icon The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
  • 82. ROR icon California State University, Long Beach
  • 83. ROR icon Autonomous University of Barcelona
  • 84. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Genova
  • 85. ROR icon University of Western Australia
  • 86. ROR icon Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
  • 87. ROR icon Missouri University of Science and Technology
  • 88. ROR icon VU Amsterdam
  • 89. ROR icon Lomonosov Moscow State University
  • 90. ROR icon University of Trento
  • 91. ROR icon Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications
  • 92. ROR icon University of the West of Scotland
  • 93. ROR icon Bar-Ilan University
  • 94. ROR icon Sapienza University of Rome
  • 95. ROR icon University of Rennes 1
  • 96. ROR icon Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
  • 97. ROR icon Gran Sasso National Laboratory
  • 98. ROR icon Kastler-Brossel Laboratory
  • 99. ROR icon University of Warsaw
  • 100. ROR icon University of Maryland, College Park
  • 101. ROR icon Paul Sabatier University
  • 102. ROR icon Villanova University
  • 103. ROR icon University of Santiago de Compostela
  • 104. ROR icon Stony Brook University
  • 105. ROR icon Goddard Space Flight Center
  • 106. ROR icon University of Genoa
  • 107. ROR icon Beijing Normal University
  • 108. ROR icon University of Melbourne
  • 109. ROR icon University of Sassari
  • 110. ROR icon Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
  • 111. ROR icon University of Rome Tor Vergata
  • 112. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Roma II
  • 113. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Napoli
  • 114. ROR icon University of Valencia
  • 115. ROR icon Universität Hamburg
  • 116. ROR icon Rochester Institute of Technology
  • 117. ROR icon National Tsing Hua University
  • 118. ROR icon Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • 119. ROR icon Fukuoka University
  • 120. ROR icon Charles Sturt University
  • 121. ROR icon Tamkang University
  • 122. ROR icon National Central University
  • 123. ROR icon Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica
  • 124. ROR icon Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
  • 125. ROR icon Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
  • 126. ROR icon Université Libre de Bruxelles
  • 127. ROR icon University of the Balearic Islands
  • 128. ROR icon Texas Tech University
  • 129. ROR icon University of Minnesota
  • 130. ROR icon Pennsylvania State University
  • 131. ROR icon University of Rhode Island
  • 132. ROR icon Bellevue College
  • 133. ROR icon Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
  • 134. ROR icon Eötvös Loránd University
  • 135. ROR icon Maastricht University
  • 136. ROR icon University of Sheffield
  • 137. ROR icon University of Parma
  • 138. ROR icon University of Utah
  • 139. ROR icon Carleton College
  • 140. ROR icon University of Zurich
  • 141. ROR icon Perimeter Institute
  • 142. ROR icon University of Strasbourg
  • 143. ROR icon West Virginia University
  • 144. ROR icon University of Chicago
  • 145. ROR icon Montclair State University
  • 146. ROR icon Colorado State University
  • 147. ROR icon Institute for Nuclear Research
  • 148. ROR icon The University of Texas at Austin
  • 149. ROR icon Superconducting and other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute
  • 150. ROR icon University of Basilicata
  • 151. ROR icon University of Minho
  • 152. ROR icon Niigata University
  • 153. ROR icon Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • 154. ROR icon University of Szeged
  • 155. ROR icon Cornell University
  • 156. ROR icon University of British Columbia
  • 157. ROR icon Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
  • 158. ROR icon University of Mississippi
  • 159. ROR icon University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
  • 160. ROR icon Texas A&M University
  • 161. ROR icon Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
  • 162. ROR icon Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
  • 163. ROR icon University of Toyama
  • 164. ROR icon University of California, Berkeley
  • 165. ROR icon Lancaster University
  • 166. ROR icon Nihon University
  • 167. ROR icon Haverford College
  • 168. ROR icon Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
  • 169. ROR icon Chungnam National University
  • 170. ROR icon Aoyama Gakuin University
  • 171. ROR icon Peking University
  • 172. ROR icon Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  • 173. ROR icon Department of Atomic Energy
  • 174. ROR icon Vanderbilt University
  • 175. ROR icon University of Antwerp
  • 176. ROR icon University of Białystok
  • 177. ROR icon Ewha Womans University
  • 178. ROR icon National Astronomical Observatories
  • 179. ROR icon University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • 180. ROR icon University of Southampton
  • 181. ROR icon Chung-Ang University
  • 182. ROR icon Institute of Applied Physics
  • 183. ROR icon Inje University
  • 184. ROR icon Myongji University
  • 185. ROR icon High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
  • 186. ROR icon Institute of Mathematics
  • 187. ROR icon National Centre for Nuclear Research
  • 188. ROR icon Institute for Theoretical Physics
  • 189. ROR icon Nagoya University
  • 190. ROR icon University of Montreal
  • 191. ROR icon Seoul National University
  • 192. ROR icon Sungkyunkwan University
  • 193. ROR icon French National Centre for Scientific Research
  • 194. ROR icon University of Florence
  • 195. ROR icon National Cheng Kung University
  • 196. ROR icon Wuhan University
  • 197. ROR icon National Center for High-Performance Computing
  • 198. ROR icon National Taiwan Normal University
  • 199. ROR icon Marshall Space Flight Center
  • 200. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Roma III
  • 201. ROR icon Kenyon College
  • 202. ROR icon Tongji University
  • 203. ROR icon University of Trieste
  • 204. ROR icon Indian Institute of Technology Madras
  • 205. ROR icon Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
  • 206. ROR icon Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
  • 207. ROR icon Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
  • 208. ROR icon Ryukoku University
  • 209. ROR icon Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
  • 210. ROR icon University of Notre Dame
  • 211. ROR icon National Research Council
  • 212. ROR icon Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
  • 213. ROR icon Hobart and William Smith Colleges
  • 214. ROR icon Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte
  • 215. ROR icon Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research
  • 216. ROR icon Roma Tre University
  • 217. ROR icon University of Arizona
  • 218. ROR icon University of California, Riverside
  • 219. ROR icon University of Washington
  • 220. ROR icon Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
  • 221. ROR icon National Institute of Technology
  • 222. ROR icon University of Aveiro
  • 223. ROR icon Marquette University
  • 224. ROR icon Toho University
  • 225. ROR icon Gunma University
  • 226. ROR icon Chapman University
  • 227. ROR icon Osaka Institute of Technology
  • 228. ROR icon Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
  • 229. ROR icon Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
  • 230. ROR icon Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune
  • 231. ROR icon Andrews University
  • 232. ROR icon Tokyo City University
  • 233. ROR icon Kyoto University
  • 234. ROR icon University of Groningen
  • 235. ROR icon Vrije Universiteit Brussel
  • 236. ROR icon National Defense Academy of Japan
  • 237. ROR icon Nagaoka University of Technology
  • 238. ROR icon Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
  • 239. ROR icon Eindhoven University of Technology
  • 240. ROR icon Sejong University
  • 241. ROR icon Concordia University Wisconsin
  • 242. ROR icon National Chiao Tung University
  • 243. ROR icon Rikkyo University
  • 244. ROR icon University of Manchester
  • 245. ROR icon RIKEN
  • 246. ROR icon University of Connecticut
  • 247. ROR icon Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology
  • 248. ROR icon Los Alamos National Laboratory
  • 249. ROR icon Netherlands Institute for Space Research
  • 250. ROR icon Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
  • 251. ROR icon Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
  • 252. ROR icon University of Tasmania
  • 253. ROR icon McGill University
  • 254. ROR icon Laboratory Universe and Theories

Abstract

We present a targeted search for continuous gravitational waves (GWs) from 236 pulsars using data from the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo (O3) combined with data from the second observing run (O2). Searches were for emission from the l = m = 2 mass quadrupole mode with a frequency at only twice the pulsar rotation frequency (single harmonic) and the l = 2, m = 1, 2 modes with a frequency of both once and twice the rotation frequency (dual harmonic). No evidence of GWs was found, so we present 95% credible upper limits on the strain amplitudes h 0 for the single-harmonic search along with limits on the pulsars' mass quadrupole moments Q 22 and ellipticities ε. Of the pulsars studied, 23 have strain amplitudes that are lower than the limits calculated from their electromagnetically measured spin-down rates. These pulsars include the millisecond pulsars J0437−4715 and J0711−6830, which have spin-down ratios of 0.87 and 0.57, respectively. For nine pulsars, their spin-down limits have been surpassed for the first time. For the Crab and Vela pulsars, our limits are factors of ∼100 and ∼20 more constraining than their spin-down limits, respectively. For the dual-harmonic searches, new limits are placed on the strain amplitudes C 21 and C 22. For 23 pulsars, we also present limits on the emission amplitude assuming dipole radiation as predicted by Brans-Dicke theory.

Additional Information

This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcció General de Política Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Innovació Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union—European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, JSPS Leading edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361 and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF) and Computing Infrastructure Project of KISTI-GSDC in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) in Taiwan under grants including ASCDA-105-M06, Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK. The Nançay Radio Observatory is operated by the Paris Observatory, associated with the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). We acknowledge financial support from "Programme National de Cosmologie et Galaxies" (PNCG) and "Programme National Hautes Energies" (PNHE) of CNRS/INSU, France. We are grateful to the staff of the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, which is operated by the National Research Council of Canada. CHIME is funded by a grant from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) 2012 Leading Edge Fund (Project 31170) and by contributions from the provinces of British Columbia, Québec, and Ontario. The CHIME/Fast Radio Burst Project, which enabled development in common with the CHIME/Pulsar instrument, is funded by a grant from the CFI 2015 Innovation Fund (Project 33213) and by contributions from the provinces of British Columbia and Québec, and by the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Toronto. Additional support was provided by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), McGill University and the McGill Space Institute thanks to the Trottier Family Foundation, and the University of British Columbia. The CHIME/Pulsar instrument hardware was funded by NSERC RTI-1 grant EQPEQ 458893-2014. This research was enabled in part by support provided by WestGrid (www.westgrid.ca) and Compute Canada (www.computecanada.ca). J.W.M. is a CITA Postdoctoral Fellow: This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), funding reference #CITA 490888-16. Pulsar research at the University of British Columbia (UBC) is supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant and by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (I.H.S.). K.C. is supported by a UBC Four Year Fellowship (6456). D.An. acknowledges support from an EPSRC/STFC fellowship (EP/T017325/1). W.C.G.H. acknowledges support through grants 80NSSC19K1444 and 80NSSC21K0091 from NASA. This work is supported by NASA through the NICER mission and the Astrophysics Explorers Program and uses data and software provided by the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), which is a service of the Astrophysics Science Division at NASA/GSFC and High Energy Astrophysics Division of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. We would like to thank all of the essential workers who put their health at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, without whom we would not have been able to complete this work. Software: Astropy (Robitaille et al. 2013; Price-Whelan et al. 2018), GWpy (Macleod et al. 2021), LALSuite (LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2018), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), numpy (Harris et al. 2020), psrqpy (Pitkin 2018), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), SWIGLAL (Wette 2020), Tempo (Nice et al. 2015), Tempo2 (Hobbs et al. 2006b).

Additional details

Identifiers

Eprint ID
116409
Resolver ID
CaltechAUTHORS:20220823-626899300

Funding

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
26000005
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP17H06358
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP17H06361
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP17H06364
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
17H06133
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
20H05639
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP20H05854
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
National Research Foundation of Korea
Academia Sinica
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taipei)
ASCDA-105-M06
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Programme National de Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG)
Programme National Hautes Energies (PNHE)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU)
National Research Council of Canada
Canada Foundation for Innovation
31170
Canada Foundation for Innovation
33213
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
McGill Space Institute
Trottier Family Foundation
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
458893-2014
WestGrid
Compute Canada
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
CITA 490888-16
University of British Columbia
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
EP/T017325/1
Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
NASA
80NSSC19K1444
NASA
80NSSC21K0091

Dates

Created
2022-10-13
Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated
2023-03-16
Created from EPrint's last_modified field

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
LIGO, Astronomy Department