of 16
Supporting information:
Accelerated screening of gas diffusion electrodes for carbon dioxide reduction
Ryan J.R. Jones,
Yungchieh Lai, Dan Guevarra, Kevin Kan, Joel A. Haber, John M. Gregoire
Additional electrochemistry and product analysis data
Figure S1. Chronoamperometry time series
data
. Each column is an experiment with fresh electrolyte
performed
using the same GDE sample. The potentials (left to right) are
-
1.5,
-
1.6,
-
1.8,
-
1.9,
-
2.0
V vs
Ag/AgCl
(
or
-
0.83,
-
0.93,
-
1.13,
-
1.23,
-
1.33 V vs RHE,
no resistance compensation). The
electrochemical current and gaseous
product data in Fig. 4
result from the time
-
average of these data. The data for liquid products in the Faradaic
efficiency (FE) panel are horizontal lines
corresponding to values assessed from the post
-
electrochemistry HPLC
and GC
measurement of aggregated product in the liquid electrolyte.
CO production, which is prevalent at the
lower
overpotential and less so at higher overpotential, likely accounts for
most of
the
difference between the
inferred total FE and 100%.
Detailed description of AutoGDE system
Electronic
Supplementary
Material
(ESI)
for
Digital
Discovery.
This
journal
is
©
The
Royal
Society
of
Chemistry
2024
Figure S2. Pump and valve diagram
showing the ancillary liquid and gas handling for the GDE cell
AutoGDE modules:
1. The Gas Handling Fixture (GHF) is intended to serve as a static platform to which all other instrument
modules are aligned, and to which they apply pressure to achieve suitable seals for full GDE cell operation. It is a
PEEK cylinder, with a hole bored through the center which allows the adjustable
-
force GDL Interface Piston (GIP)
to freely actuate around its top plane surface. The PEEK cylinder also has two radial inlet ports which extend
from the center bore to the circumference, and contain flat bottom fittings for creating compression seals to
external gas sources.
The GHF is mounted securely to structural framing such that it allows for the GIP and WEP to have
unrestricted access to both lower and upper planes, respectively. In this way, the GHF remains stationary with
respect to the other modules, and allows for its assembly to the other modules to be repeatedly engaged and
disengaged via electronically controlled linear actuators. In the Engaged state, the GHF creates a sealed gaseous
environment between the radial gasket seal on the GIP and the GDL of the WEF. The bottom plane of the GHF is
affixed with a thin compression plate, which facilitates the gasket seal around the circumference of the GIP via
axial compression. In this configuration, the mobile range of the GIP is restricted and must be carefully
calibrated to the working plane of the swappable Working Electrode Fixture (WEF).
2. The GIP Assembly is securely affixed to a load cell which allows for automated adjustment of the force
applied between the top surface of the probe and the GDL. The pair (probe and load cell) is situated on a linear
slide (Del
-
Tron, S3
-
1.5) and linear actuator with an adjustable force spring coupling them. The adjustable spring
pressure allows for the transmitted pressure range to be modulated without the need for feedback from a
closed loop linear actuator. This enables repeatable compression of the fully engaged cell during operation and
between different working electrode chambers.
The gasket seal around the probe, which restricts axial motion when compressed to a full seal,
contributes to the load cell reading, requiring application of a higher load on the GIP to achieve the intended
probe
-
GDE applied pressure. For the demonstration reported herein, the load cell serves to identify engagement
of the full AutoGDE assembly, e.g. by failing to reach the pressure indicative of an appropriately sealed cell, the
instrument can automatically identify a failure of the compression mechanism and notify the user that
instrument inspection is required before continuing the experimental campaign (albeit without computationally
identifying the root cause). With this check of cell sealing in
-
place, we have routinely operated the AutoGDE
without observing leaks.
3. The Working Electrode Fixture (WEF) contains the target GDL/catalyst and is assembled prior to
placement within the AutoGDE instrument. The main body is constructed of PEEK, with ports to allow for liquid
electrolyte handling as well as a conductive insert to enable electrical contact to the catalyst surface on the GDL.
The liquid handling ports are o
-
ring compression fittings which seal a PEEK tube to the main WEF body.
The pumping (and reference electrode) port tube terminates approximately 12 mm from the center of the WEF.
The electrolyte manifold port tube extends into the main chamber and is positioned such that the aperture is
approximately 0.5 mm from the surface of the membrane when the AutoGDE is fully engaged. The tip is cut at
an angle to prevent blockage by the membrane when negative pumping pressure is applied to the WEF.
The reported instrument was fabricated with a copper contact ring permanently fixed to the WEF body.
When the AutoGDE is engaged, the GIP compresses the GDL against this contact ring. The position of the copper
contact ring, specifically its coplanar relation to the inner chamber diameter boundary, is paramount to proper
operation of the AutoGDE. When engaged, the GDL/catalyst is in simultaneous contact with the electrical pad
and the PEEK inner diameter of the WEF. The hydrophobic nature of PTFE GDL’s and PEEK restrict liquid
electrolyte contact to the inner diameter of the WEF and the GDL/Catalyst surface, which prevents liquid
electrolyte from touching the copper contact ring and thereby excludes the contact ring from participating in
electrochemistry. Careful fabrication of the contact ring, and co
-
assembly with the WEF, is necessary to achieve
this relation in practice. Electrical access is achieved by mechanically contacting the copper ring with a brass rod,
which brings the electrical connection beyond the perimeter of the WEF to enable connection to the
potentiostat. Reliable conduction is assisted by using silver paste on the tip of the brass rod during installation.
The brass rod is sealed to the WEF via o
-
ring compression fittings, and connected to the potentiostat Working
Electrode during operation.
When the AutoGDE is engaged, the WEF creates a static face seal to the GHF on bottom, and to an ion
exchange membrane on top. When the AutoGDE is disengaged, the WEF is able to be removed from the
instrument without affecting any of the other modules. This allows quick exchange of a used GDL/Catalyst layer
for a new GDL/catalyst layer with minimal human intervention (or robotic automation) by simply exchanging
one WEF assembly for another WEF assembly containing a new GDL/catalyst layer.
4. The Counter Electrode Fixture (CEF) is the top most module of the AutoGDE. Similar to the GDL
Interface Probe, the CEF is mounted to an adjustable spring loaded linear slide and actuator. Likewise, this
configuration also allows for repeatable engagement to, and retraction from, the stationary WEF and GHF
without the need for closed loop functionality from the linear actuator. The CEF consists of four main
components: a porous frit, a conduit for liquid ingress to the porous frit, a sealing plate to define the electrolyte
flow path, and a main body which aligns these components.
The porous frit takes the place of a planar counter electrode in a traditional electrochemical cell. It
offers a high electrochemical surface area during operation, while also providing a mechanically stiff backstop to
prevent bowing of the membrane during liquid filling and draining of both the CEF and WEF. The pores allow the
electrolyte proximal access to the membrane, while any gaseous by
-
products are removed by the electrolyte
recirculation using peristaltic pumps.
The base frit can be purchased commercially in disc form. The disc is then modified by adjusting the
outdoor diameter as needed to create a friction fit within the housing of the CEF. Furthermore, an annulus is
machined into the face of one side to mate to the electrolyte inlet conduit via mechanical pressure
-
fitting during
fabrication. The most direct method to fabricate this assembly is by traditional subtractive manufacturing
(machining), and can be equally accomplished with either milling or lathing techniques. It is paramount during
fabrication that the center of the annulus is untouched by machining operations, because the machining process
tends to weld the pores of the frit together creating a solid interface, and the inner part of the annulus must
remain porous to enable electrolyte flow.
The conduit allows for liquid ingress to the sealed CEF via percolation through pores of the frit during
operation. It also provides electrical contact to the porous frit, and is fabricated in concert with the porous frit
annulus. It is machined such that the outer diameter of the mating head has press fit interference with the outer
diameter of the machined frit annulus. This provides a mechanically robust connection, and allows for both
liquid ingress and electrical contact to the porous frit from outside of the sealed CEF during operation.
The conduit acts as a liquid feedthrough with an o
-
ring compression fitting to seal it to the CEF. It
extends approximately 25 mm from the top of the CEF. Flex tubing is then placed on the end of the conduit such
that roughly 15 mm of the conduit remains exposed and leads to the electrolyte reservoir. The counter
electrode of the potentiostat clips to the exposed portion of the conduit, thus creating electrical contact to the
porous frit during operation.
Four flat
-
bottom ports on top of the CEF allow for compression fittings to seal o
-
rings around PEEK
tubes. These PEEK tubes are similarly fitted with flexible peristaltic pump tubing, each leading to peristaltic
pumping, which for the present work involves 4 single
-
channel pumps. The outflow of each pump routes to the
same counter electrode electrolyte reservoir as the conduit inlet tube, which completes the electrolyte
recirculation loop.
The assembly of the CEF is completed with the attachment of the flow
-
field sealing plate. This is
necessary because spatial constraints restrict the position of the PEEK exhaust tubes with respect to the porous
frit, and the sealing plate creates an environment which allows the peristaltic exhaust pumps to pull liquid
through the conduit and appropriately direct it to the membrane interface.
The CEF assembly is mounted to a stiff ring
-
mount cage, which transmits the motion of the linear
actuator and allows access to the liquid conduit and PEEK exhaust tubes for easy disassembly and diagnostics.
5. The AutoGDE instrument is intended to operate indefinitely given sufficient supplies of anolyte and
catholyte. Continuous and unmonitored operation therefore requires the ability to modify the gas and liquid
flow states via electronic means. Automated gas and liquid flow management is accomplished with the use of
electronic pumps and valves. The pumping and valving diagram describes the liquid and gas handling
components, where the states of solenoid valves and peristaltic pumps are controlled via computer digital
outputs. All pumps, valves, and mass flow controllers (MFC’s) are controlled by custom software developed in
-
house as described in the associated code repositories.
Standard Operating Procedures
Preparation
Before operating the AutoGDE
, the GDL/catalyst must be inserted into the WEF. The profile and
placement of the GDL is critical. Friction between the circumference of the GDL and the inner wall of the WEF
housing pocket is utilized to retain the GDL within the WEF during preparation and transfer to the AutoGDE,
however too large a profile can result in the GDL having a tendency to fold on itself, rendering planar contact
with the PEEK sealing surface and contact ring impossible to achieve in practice. On the other hand, too small a
pro
file and the GDL will fall out of its place making assembly of the AutoGDE difficult to achieve. Reduced GDL
area also allows the possibility of incomplete coverage of the PEEK sealing surface and possible electrolyte
contact with the metal contact ring during operation. The goal, therefore, is to create a GDL profile that is “just
right”, ie large enough to ensure a friction fit in the WEF housing pocket, leading to full coverage of and contact
with both PEEK sealing surface and contact ring, but small eno
ugh to avoid folding or otherwise creating non
-
planar contact with these surfaces when engaged. The authors have empirically determined that circular profiles
are inadequate to satisfy all these conditions; small diameter GDLs are not held in place via friction even through
they allow for flat contact with and full coverage of the sealing surface and contact ring plane, while diameters
larger than the GDL housing pocket necessitate folding during insertion. Instead, the authors have found success
with octagonal profiles whose vertices are circumscribed by a circle equal to 105% of the GDL housing diameter.
In the present work, the WEF housing pocket is 0.325” and the GDL profile is defined by a regular octagon
circumscribed by a diameter of 0.341”.
Although manual profiling (with shears or razor blades, as examples) is adequate to produce these profiles
in limited numbers, improved scale up operations are required to reduce the manual labor necessary to produce
large numbers of GDL’s. The authors have found that machined punches are useful (i.e. leather processing tools
machined to the desired profile), however they tend to wear down over time which degrades the cut quality and
reproducibility of the GDL profile. They are also difficult to modify if a different sized WEF aperture is required.
Therefore, the authors have demonstrated the AutoGDE with GDL profiles processed via laser cutting. Laser
profiling results in precise, reproducible, easily modifiable, and mass producible GDL profiles. This technique is
restricted to GDL’s which are strongly absorbing in the desired laser bandwidth, which comports with the CO2
laser and PTFE GDL’s reported herein.
The resting “Normal State” of the instrument is defined by the Mass Spec being isolated from the
AutoGDE in a “bypass” configuration, in which the Mass Spec is exposed to a stream of pure CO2 to prevent
N2/O2 (Air) spikes from overwhelming the detector. This is accomplished by diverting Mass Spec flow from the
AutoGDE system to a dedicated “Normal State MFC” via V6B. This “Normal State MFC” is set manually before
and turned off after a full AutoGDE campaign. Its existence is critical to proper operation so it appears in the
instrument schematic, however it does not appear in the experiment code.
Operation
#.
Step Name
Action Order
Explanation/Description
1.
Liquid Fill to GDL/Catalyst
V2A ON→V3B ON→V4B ON→Wait→2A OFF→ 3B OFF→ 4B OFF
Electrolyte must be introduced to the WEF in such a way that liquid contact to the GDL/Catalyst surface
is guaranteed. This is accomplished by pulling high flow rate (relative to MS during operation) vacuum
on the GIP, which transmits into the WEF due to the porosity of the GDL. Liquid will then get pulled into
the WEF via V4B until it comes into contact with the GDL/Catalyst surface. The hydrophobicity of the
GDL then prevents liquid from crossing over to the GIP/GHF while guaranteeing contact between the
Catalyst and Electrolyte.
2.
WEF Fill
4A ON→5B ON→ P2ON →Wait→ P2OFF→ 5B OFF →4B OFF
Electrolyte is then pushed into the cell to ensure contact with the membrane via P2. The reference
electrode is housed in this same inlet line between V5 common and the WEF to establish a 3
-
electrode
measurement configuration..
3.
GHF Purge
1 ON →2A ON →3A ON→ CO2 MFC ON (Purge Rate) →wait→ 2B ON→ 6B OFF 6AON →wait
CO2 quickly flows through the GHF to purge residual gas remaining in the system. This Purge rate is
faster than the CO2 flow during measurement to decrease the time needed to flush the full volume of
the cell.
4.
Set CO2 Operational Flow Rate
CO2 MFC (Operational Rate)
The CO2 flow rate is lowered to be commensurate with the MS inlet flow rate during
operation/measurement.
5.
MS Background (Normal State)
CO2 MFC OFF→ 1 OFF →2A OFF →3A OFF →2B OFF→ 6A OFF→ 6B ON→ 7 OFF
MS Signal check with direct flow of CO2 process gas (not from AutoGDE). Helps with diagnosing issues
from either the MS or the AutoGDE and gives a baseline to monitor signal changes.
6.
WEF Drain
4B OFF→ 5B OFF →4A ON→ 5B ON→ P1 ON →Wait→ P1 OFF→ 5A OFF →4A OFF
Initialization drain so that the first sample in the following loop sees the exact same filling/draining
procedure as all subsequent fill/drain cycles within the loop.
7.
FOR LOOP BEGIN (User Defined Range)
This loop performs diagnostic CV profiles to evaluate catalyst performance.
8.
Liquid Fill
4A ON→5B ON→ P2ON →Wait→ P2OFF→ 5B OFF →4B OFF
Fill with new liquid.
9.
GHF Purge
1 ON →2A ON →3A ON→ CO2 MFC ON (Purge Rate) →wait→ 2B ON→ 6B OFF 6AON →wait
Purge residual gas from previous CA.
10.
Set CO2 Flow Rate
CO2 MFC ON
(Operational Rate)
Set CO2 operational Flow Rate.
11.
Perform CV Fast
PStat Potential Sweep Fast
Perform a CV at 50mV/s or other electrochemistry experiment.
12.
Perform CV Slow
PStat Potential Sweep Slow
Perform a CV at 20mV/s or other electrochemistry experiment.
13.
Isolate WEF (Normal State)
CO2 MFC OFF→ 1 OFF →2A OFF →3A OFF →2B OFF→ 6A OFF→ 6B ON→ 7 OFF
Check MS Signal with direct flow of CO2 process gas .
14.
Drain Liquid
4B OFF→ 5B OFF →4A ON→ 5B ON→ P1 ON →Wait→ P1 OFF→ 5A OFF →4A OFF
Drain
liquid to waste by pushing air via P1 through V5A and V4A.
15.
FOR LOOP END→Back to 7
Repeat the loop a user defined number of times, then move on
16.
.
FOR LOOP BEGIN (loop for each CA)
Begin the defined CA profiles. Each CA is performed with a new liquid fill.
17.
WEF Fill
4A ON→5B ON→ P2ON →Wait→ P2OFF→ 5B OFF →4B OFF
Fill WEF with new, fresh, electrolyte in preparation for the next CA profile.
18.
GHF Purge
1 ON →2A ON →3A ON→ CO2 MFC ON (Purge Rate) →wait→ 2B ON→ 6B OFF 6AON →wait
Purge residual gas from the system. Gas flows simultaneously from the GIP to atmosphere via V2A to
V3A, and to the MS via V2B and V6A. During purge, a majority of the gas flows to atmosphere (Purge
Rate>>MS flow rate).
19.
GHF Flow Rate Set
CO2 MFC ON (Operational Rate)
CO2 flow is set only slightly higher than MS inlet flow, causing a majority of the CO2 flow to go to the
MS, and a minority to atmosphere.
20.
Perform CA
PStat Potential Set
Perform chronoamperometry or other electrochemistry experiment.
21.
Isolate Cell (Normal State)
CO2 MFC OFF→ 1 OFF →2A OFF →3A OFF →2B OFF→ 6A OFF→ 6B ON→ 7 OFF
Isolate AutoGDE from MS to allow for the WEF drain/fill cycle, and to check MS signal with a known CO2
source.
22.
Liquid Drain
4B OFF→ 5B OFF →4A ON→ 5B ON→ P1 ON →Wait→ P1 OFF→ 5A OFF →4A OFF
Use air to push the electrolyte into an archive vial via P1, V5A, and V4B..
23.
FOR LOOP END→ Back to 16
Repeat Above loop for each CA potential, then move on.
24.
Electrolyte Fill
4A ON→5B ON→ P2ON →Wait→ P2OFF→ 5B OFF →4B
OFF
Last WEF fill to perform calibration gas measurement in an environment commensurate with the
operational measurement.
25.
GHF Purge
1 ON →2A ON →3A ON→ CO2 MFC ON (Purge Rate) →wait→ 2B ON→ 6B OFF 6AON →wait
Purge residual gas with CO2.
26.
Calibration Gas Introduction
V7 ON →Cali MFC ON (Calibration Rate)→ Wait → Cali MFC OFF→ V7 OFF
Introduce known calibration gas to the system via V7.
27.
Isolate WEF (Normal State)
CO2 MFC OFF→ 1 OFF →2A OFF →3A OFF →2B OFF→ 6A OFF→ 6B ON
Isolate the MS from the AutoGDE.
28.
Liquid Drain
4B OFF→ 5B OFF →4A ON→ 5B ON→ P1 ON →Wait→ P1 OFF→ 5A OFF →4A OFF
Drain remaining liquid.
29.
All Off
All MFC OFF→ All Valves OFF
Turn off the system to its rest state.
30.
END
Bill
of Materials
Table S1. Major system components and estimate cost
Category
Item
Detail
Estimate
cost (USD)
Quantity
Total
Module
fabrication
and
hardware
WEF material and component
Machining
1200
1
$1,200
CEF material and component
Machninig
300
1
$300
GHF
material and component
Machining
150
1
$150
GIP Material and Component
Machining
100
1
$100
CEF Motion Control Auxiliary
Components and Machining
600
1
$600
GIP Motion Control Auxiliary
Components and Machining
700
1
$700
Linear
Actuators
Firgelli FA
-
AL
-
200
-
12
-
12
154.95
2
$310
T
-
Slot Railings (To mount each
module and electrolyte
reservoirs)
McMaster
-
Carr
200
1
$200
T
-
Slot Brackets and Fasteners
McMaster
-
Carr
50
1
$50
Load Cells
Omega
LC8150
-
250
-
100
843.29
2
$1,687
Gas
management
Alicat MFC
1250
3
$3,750
Fluid valves (3 way Selection
Valves, BioChem)
080T312
-
62
-
5
435.18
5
$2,176
Fluid Valves (Isolation Valves,
NResearch)
HP225T011
91.62
2
$183
Flat bottom fittings with
Ferrules
C
ole
P
armer
5.5
30
$165
Alicat Power Cables
55
4
$220
Peristaltic Pump
1018
6
$6,108
Liquid
management
Tubing/tubing for organic
solvent
25ft/pack
88.5
2
$177
PEEK Tees and chemically
compatible fluidic connectors
Tees, fittings
46.4
2
$93
Chemically Compatible
O
-
rings
5
2
$10
Computer
and
electronics
Computer
750
1
$750
5V Power Supply
Omron S8VK
-
G03005
76.61
1
$77
12V Power Supply
Omron S8VK
-
G06012
89.06
1
$89
Wago Distribution Panels
2946
-
2001
-
1401
-
ND
2.13
10
$21
Various Electrical Wiring
components
50
1
$50
Relays
Crydom DRA
57.24
15
$859
Powerstrip
20
2
$40
NI DAQ
cDAQ
-
9174
1501
1
$1,501
TOTAL
$21,565
Table S
2
.
CO
2
RR performance
of
Cu GDE evaluated by
AutoGDE and conventional GDE cells
1
in 1M KHCO
3
Potential (V vs
RHE)
J (
-
mA/cm2)
FE_H2
(%)
FE_CH4
(%)
FE_C2H4
(%)
FE_alcohol
(%)
FE_C≥2
(%)
FE_formate
(%)
Reference
-
0.8
3
20.7
47.5
4.8
3.6
0.7
4.3
23.5
This work
-
0.9
3
27.3 ± 0.5
34.8 ±
8.6
4.0 ±
0.3
8.1 ± 1.7
2.2 ± 0.5
10.2 ±
2.2
19.3 ± 2.4
This work
-
1.1
3
55.0 ± 2
13.7 ±
2.6
4.4 ±
0.2
39.2 ±
0.5
9.1 ± 0.9
48.3 ±
0.4
5.4 ± 0.4
This work
-
1.2
3
73.7 ± 10
11.8 ±
5.9
3.8 ±
0.4
49.7 ±
6.5
10.1 ± 0.4
59.8 ±
6.9
2.6 ± 0.8
This work
-
1.3
3
86.7
25.7
4.6
42.3
10.3
52.6
0.5
This work
-
0.9
45 ± 1
22 ± 4
17 ± 1
19 ± 4
13 ± 1.4
32 ± 4
17.4 ± 0.4
(1)
-
1.05
65 ± 1
27 ± 1
4
+± 5
17 ± 1
15.1 ± 0.9
33 ± 2
23 ± 7
(1)
-
1.15
84 ± 5
15 ± 3
4.4 ± 8
22 ± 7
18 ± 5
40 ± 8
19 ± 4
(1)
Comparison of operations between conventional and
A
utoGDE:
Conventional GDE:
Conventional GDE design/setup may be different from one to another
group, however, it generally looks
like below
1
:
The assembly steps are commonly described below:
1.
Cut GDE and tape it onto the WE fixture cell
2.
Put (assemble) GDE cell pieces together including membranes and use screw to compress/tighten the
cell. The compression force may be different from one to another run, which is different from autoGDE
where the compression force by robot is consistent
3.
Start pumping catholyte and anolyte and do recirculation
4.
Start to flow reactant gas (i.e. CO
2
) and wait for system to reach equilibrium
5.
Start electrolysis experiments
6.
Undo step 2 and then step 1
7.
Start over from step 1 or step 4 (depending on if replacing GDEs) for the next experiment
AutoGDE:
The major difference between auto and conventional GDE cells is step 1, 2 and 6 (assemble and
dissemble), where conventional GDE would take up to 20 mins to complete these steps (although highly
depending on operators). Since the conventional GDE cells are put together by compression with screws by
human operation, a leak test is required after assembly. Furthermore, it is very difficult to have these 2 steps
automated. For autoGDE, however, it takes only less than 30 (s) (before robot arm is implemented to make it full
automation) to assemble/disassemble the cell. The steps are as followed:
1.
Place GDE into the GDE WE fixture
2.
Compressed the cell by flipping two power bottons
3.
Connect both ends of the tubing of the WE fixture
4.
Start to flow reactant gas (i.e. CO
2
) and wait for system to be equilibrium
5.
Start electrolysis experiments
6.
Undo step 2 and then step 1
7.
Start over from step 1 or step 4 (depending on if replacing GDEs) for the next experiment
The AutoGDE
goes through similar steps as conventional cell for step 3 to 4, and the time for step 3 to 4
are highly depending on the downstream analytical chemistry instrument used. Step 5 electrolysis experiment
commonly takes 5 to 15 mins depending on electrochemical techniques used for evaluating performance of
GDEs. Comparing the time needed between conventional and autoGDE, it could be up to 4x faster (i.e. 5min
electrolysis +assemble/dissemble time) per experiment for autoGDE with continuous GDE screenings.
Abridged
description of
AutoGDE
assembly
:
Please see the
repository (
https://data.caltech.edu/records/f40n8
-
cv274
) for the full assembly instructions in
Aut
o
GDE Assembly.pdf
and
additional
files with machine drawings and port callouts.
K
ey v
isuals for illustrating
the
construction
of AutoGDE are provided here for con
venience.
AutoGDE system
including its mechanical infrastructure. The electrochemical c
ell
from
Fig. 1 of the main paper is
the cylindrical stack of component
s (yellow)
:
Exploded view of the
counter
electrode fixture:
Exploded view of the
working electrode fixture:
Exploded view of the
gas handling
fixture:
Exploded view of the
actuator for the
counter electrode fixture:
Exploded view of the
actuator for the
gas handling
fixture:
References:
1
G. P. Heim, M. A. Bruening, C. B. Musgrave, W. A. Goddard, J. C. Peters and T. Agapie,
Joule
, 2024,
8
, 1
10.