of 10
Search for Eccentric Binary Black Hole Mergers with Advanced LIGO and Advanced
Virgo during Their First and Second Observing Runs
B. P. Abbott
1
, R. Abbott
1
, T. D. Abbott
2
, S. Abraham
3
, F. Acernese
4
,
5
, K. Ackley
6
, C. Adams
7
, R. X. Adhikari
1
, V. B. Adya
8
,
C. Affeldt
9
,
10
, M. Agathos
11
,
12
, K. Agatsuma
13
, N. Aggarwal
14
, O. D. Aguiar
15
, L. Aiello
16
,
17
, A. Ain
3
, P. Ajith
18
, G. Allen
19
,
A. Allocca
20
,
21
, M. A. Aloy
22
, P. A. Altin
8
, A. Amato
23
, S. Anand
1
, A. Ananyeva
1
, S. B. Anderson
1
, W. G. Anderson
24
,
S. V. Angelova
25
, S. Antier
26
, S. Appert
1
, K. Arai
1
, M. C. Araya
1
, J. S. Areeda
27
, M. Arène
26
, N. Arnaud
28
,
29
, S. M. Aronson
30
,
K. G. Arun
31
, S. Ascenzi
16
,
32
, G. Ashton
6
, S. M. Aston
7
, P. Astone
33
, F. Aubin
34
, P. Aufmuth
10
, K. AultONeal
35
, C. Austin
2
,
V. Avendano
36
, A. Avila-Alvarez
27
, S. Babak
26
, P. Bacon
26
, F. Badaracco
16
,
17
, M. K. M. Bader
37
, S. Bae
38
, J. Baird
26
,
P. T. Baker
39
, F. Baldaccini
40
,
41
, G. Ballardin
29
, S. W. Ballmer
42
, A. Bals
35
, S. Banagiri
43
, J. C. Barayoga
1
, C. Barbieri
44
,
45
,
S. E. Barclay
46
, B. C. Barish
1
, D. Barker
47
, K. Barkett
48
, S. Barnum
14
, F. Barone
5
,
49
, B. Barr
46
, L. Barsotti
14
, M. Barsuglia
26
,
D. Barta
50
, J. Bartlett
47
, I. Bartos
30
, R. Bassiri
51
, A. Basti
20
,
21
, M. Bawaj
41
,
52
, J. C. Bayley
46
, M. Bazzan
53
,
54
, B. Bécsy
55
,
M. Bejger
26
,
56
, I. Belahcene
28
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46
, D. Beniwal
57
, M. G. Benjamin
35
, G. Bergmann
9
,
10
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11
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58
,
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59
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37
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7
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60
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27
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24
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61
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39
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1
,
R. Birney
25
, O. Birnholtz
62
, S. Biscans
1
,
14
, M. Bischi
63
,
64
, S. Biscoveanu
14
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10
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21
,
29
, M. A. Bizouard
65
,
J. K. Blackburn
1
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48
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7
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66
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47
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67
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68
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69
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9
,
10
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65
,
Y. Boetzel
70
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65
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71
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34
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9
,
10
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37
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1
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29
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3
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66
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66
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53
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54
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29
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21
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24
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7
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16
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17
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72
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11
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73
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46
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63
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64
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65
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9
,
10
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24
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1
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29
, D. D. Brown
57
, S. Brunett
1
, A. Buikema
14
, T. Bulik
74
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37
,
75
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76
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77
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34
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26
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51
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9
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10
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78
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79
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1
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6
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1
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5
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80
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81
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6
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59
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83
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57
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84
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68
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29
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85
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58
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20
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21
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32
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87
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66
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96
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66
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53
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54
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56
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57
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54
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99
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65
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59
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82
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47
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78
, P. Clearwater
100
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65
, E. Coccia
16
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17
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73
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104
,
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40
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105
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55
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28
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85
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29
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15
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76
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1
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58
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1
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2
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73
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The Astrophysical Journal,
883:149
(
10pp
)
, 2019 October 1
https:
//
doi.org
/
10.3847
/
1538-4357
/
ab3c2d
© 2019. The American Astronomical Society.
1
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1
(
The LIGO Scienti
fi
c Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration
)
, and
F. Salemi
9
1
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
2
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
3
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
4
Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
5
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
6
OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
7
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
8
OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
9
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
(
Albert Einstein Institute
)
, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
10
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
11
Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
12
University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
13
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
14
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
15
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
16
Gran Sasso Science Institute
(
GSSI
)
, I-67100 L
Aquila, Italy
17
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
18
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
19
NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
20
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
21
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
22
Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
23
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés
(
LMA
)
, CNRS
/
IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
24
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
25
SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
3
The Astrophysical Journal,
883:149
(
10pp
)
, 2019 October 1
Abbott et al.
26
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS
/
IN2P3, CEA
/
Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13,
France
27
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
28
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS
/
IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France
29
European Gravitational Observatory
(
EGO
)
, I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
30
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
31
Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
32
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
33
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
34
Laboratoire d
Annecy de Physique des Particules
(
LAPP
)
, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS
/
IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France
35
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
36
Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
37
Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
38
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
39
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
40
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
41
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
42
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
43
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
44
Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
45
INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
46
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
47
LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
48
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
49
Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria
Scuola Medica Salernitana,
Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
50
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
51
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
52
Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
53
Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
54
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
55
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
56
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
57
OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
58
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics
(
CIERA
)
, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
59
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
60
RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
61
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
62
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
63
Università degli Studi di Urbino
Carlo Bo,
I-61029 Urbino, Italy
64
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
65
Artemis, Université Côte d
Azur, Observatoire Côte d
Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
66
OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
67
Department of Astrophysics
/
IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
68
Dipartimento di Fisica
E.R. Caianiello,
Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
69
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
70
Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
71
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON
UMR6082, F-3500 Rennes, France
72
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
73
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
74
Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
75
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
76
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
(
Albert Einstein Institute
)
, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
77
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
78
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
79
Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
80
Università di Napoli
Federico II,
Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
81
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
82
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
83
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
84
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People
s Republic of China
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Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
88
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
89
Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche
Enrico Fermi,
I-00184 Roma, Italy
90
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
91
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan, Republic of People
s Republic of China
92
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
93
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
94
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
95
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale
(
DIIN
)
, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
96
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
97
Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
98
Carleton College, North
fi
eld, MN 55057, USA
99
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
100
OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3
IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
102
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
103
Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
104
Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
105
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
107
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
109
Bellevue College, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
110
MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
111
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
112
The University of Shef
fi
eld, Shef
fi
eld S10 2TN, UK
113
IGFAE, Campus Sur, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Spain
114
Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
115
INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
116
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
117
Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
118
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
119
Università di Roma
La Sapienza,
I-00185 Roma, Italy
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Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
122
Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
123
CNR-SPIN, c
/
o Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
124
Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
125
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
126
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
127
INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
128
School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
129
Institute Of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, India
130
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
131
University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
132
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
133
California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
134
Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
135
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
136
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
137
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
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University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK
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University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterda
m,
The Netherlands
143
Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, Science Park 904, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
144
Directorate of Construction, Services & Estate Management, Mumbai 400094 India
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University of Bia
ł
ystok, 15-424 Bia
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ystok, Poland
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King
s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
147
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
148
University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Republic of Korea
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National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
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Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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NCBJ, 05-400
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Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
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Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA
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Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
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Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
163
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35811, USA
164
Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
165
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
167
OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
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Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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Centre Scienti
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
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Institut für Kernphysik, Theoriezentrum, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
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CENTRA
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Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Gujarat 382424, India
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Université de Montréal
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Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Khandi, Telangana 502285, India
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INAF, Osservatorio di Astro
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sica e Scienza dello Spazio, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN 59078-970, Brazil
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Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA
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Max Planck Institute for Gravitationalphysik
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Albert Einstein Institute
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, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
191
Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
Received 2019 July 31; revised 2019 August 10; accepted 2019 August 14; published 2019 September 30
Abstract
When formed through dynamical interactions, stellar-mass binary black holes
(
BBHs
)
may retain eccentric orbits
(
e
>
0.1 at 10 Hz
)
detectable by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. Eccentricity can therefore be used to
differentiate dynamically formed binaries from isolated BBH mergers. Current template-based gravitational-wave
searches do not use waveform models associated with eccentric orbits, rendering the search less ef
fi
cient for
eccentric binary systems. Here we present the results of a search for BBH mergers that inspiral in eccentric orbits
using data from the
fi
rst and second observing runs
(
O1 and O2
)
of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. We
carried out the search with the coherent WaveBurst algorithm, which uses minimal assumptions on the signal
morphology and does not rely on binary waveform templates. We show that it is sensitive to binary mergers with a
detection range that is weakly dependent on eccentricity for all bound systems. Our search did not identify any new
binary merger candidates. We interpret these results in light of eccentric binary formation models. We rule out
formation channels with rates
100 Gpc
3
yr
1
for
e
>
0.1, assuming a black hole mass spectrum with a power-
law index
2.
Uni
fi
ed Astronomy Thesaurus concepts:
Gravitational waves
(
678
)
;
Elliptical orbits
(
457
)
;
Astrophysical black
holes
(
98
)
1. Introduction
In their
fi
rst two observing runs, the Advanced LIGO
and Advanced Virgo detectors discovered 10 binary black
hole
(
BBH
)
mergers and a binary neutron star merger
(
Abbott
et al.
2019e
)
. These detections have already provided a wealth
of information on cosmic processes, including the rate, mass,
spin, and redshift distribution of BBH mergers
(
Abbott et al.
2016f
,
2019d
)
, constraints on general relativity
(
Abbott et al.
2016e
,
2019c
)
, estimates of the Hubble constant
(
Abbott
et al.
2017a
,
2019b
; Soares-Santos et al.
2019
)
, and constraints
on multi-messenger emission from the mergers
(
Abbott et al.
2008
,
2016d
,
2019a
; Adrián-Martínez et al.
2016
;Albertetal.
2017
; Burns et al.
2019
)
.
A key question that remains unanswered is how BBHs are
formed. Viable formation channels include isolated binary
evolution
(
e.g., Bethe & Brown
1998
; Belczynski et al.
2002
,
2014
,
2016
; Dominik et al.
2013
; Mennekens & Vanbeve-
ren
2014
; Spera et al.
2015
; Eldridge & Stanway
2016
; Mandel
& de Mink
2016
; Marchant et al.
2016
; Mapelli et al.
2017
;
Stevenson et al.
2017
; Barrett et al.
2018
; Giacobbo &
Mapelli
2018
; Kruckow et al.
2018
; Mapelli & Giacobbo
2018
)
and dynamical encounters in dense stellar environments, such
as globular clusters
(
e.g., Portegies Zwart & McMillan
2000
;
O
Leary et al.
2006
; Sadowski et al.
2008
; Downing et al.
2010
,
2011
; Rodriguez et al.
2015
,
2016a
,
2016b
; Askar et al.
2017
; Fragione & Kocsis
2018
; Rodriguez & Loeb
2018
;
Samsing
2018
; Samsing et al.
2018
; Zevin et al.
2019
)
, young
star clusters
(
e.g., Banerjee et al.
2010
; Ziosi et al.
2014
;
Mapelli
2016
; Banerjee
2017
,
2018
; Di Carlo et al.
2019
;
Kumamoto et al.
2019
)
, and galactic nuclei
(
e.g., O
Leary et al.
2009
; Antonini & Perets
2012
; Antonini & Rasio
2016
;
Petrovich & Antonini
2017
; Stone et al.
2017a
,
2017b
;
Rasskazov & Kocsis
2019
)
. Moreover, the dynamical process
known as Kozai
Lidov
(
KL
)
resonance
(
Kozai
1962
; Lidov
1962
)
can trigger the merger of a BBH, even if the BBH has
not been formed in a dense star cluster. In fact, if the BBH is
orbited by a tertiary body
(
i.e., the BBH is the inner binary of a
stable hierarchical triple system
)
, the KL mechanism triggers
oscillations of the BBH
s eccentricity, which might speed up
the merger by gravitational-wave emission. Each channel is
expected to produce black hole mergers with different mass and
spin distributions
(
Mandel & O
Shaughnessy
2010
; Abbott
et al.
2016a
; Rodriguez et al.
2016c
; Farr et al.
2017
; Abbott
et al.
2019d
)
. The limited statistics from the low number of
systems detected through gravitational waves and model
uncertainties so far do not allow strong constraints on the
formation channels.
Orbital eccentricity is a distinguishing feature of dynamical
formation channels. Gravitational-wave emission acts to
circularize binary orbits by the time they reach the orbital
frequencies to which Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are
sensitive
(
10 Hz
)
. Eccentric orbits in the Advanced LIGO and
Advanced Virgo band indicate either that the binary was
192
Deceased, 2018 July.
Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence
. Any further
distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author
(
s
)
and the title
of the work, journal citation and DOI.
6
The Astrophysical Journal,
883:149
(
10pp
)
, 2019 October 1
Abbott et al.