Table S1. General lithologic information for the entire HSDP2 section. Modes are from hand specimen point counts. litho unit top depth (mbsl) bottom depth (mbsl) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type Mauna Loa subaerial 1 -1.8 1.6 3.4 2 2.0 0.1 0.5 massive sparsely-to-mod plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 2 1.6 19.2 17.7 1 3.6 0.0 1.8 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 3 19.2 24.4 5.1 1 - - - aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 4 24.4 26.1 1.7 1 20.7 0.0 8.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 5 26.1 29.7 3.7 1 13.8 0.0 2.5 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 6 29.7 38.7 9.0 1 13.4 0.0 5.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 7 38.7 48.2 9.5 1 25.6 0.0 6.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 8 48.2 56.9 8.7 1 16.8 0.0 5.3 pahoehoe moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 9 56.9 62.2 5.2 1 27.8 0.0 8.5 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 10 62.2 62.8 0.6 1 - - - sandstone sandstone 11 62.8 69.4 6.6 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 12 69.4 71.4 2.0 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 13 71.4 74.1 2.7 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 14 74.1 77.0 2.9 6 1.5 0.0 33.0 pahoehoe sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 15 77.0 87.8 10.9 13 2.0 0.0 28.0 pahoehoe aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt 16 87.8 97.2 9.4 3 2.1 0.0 3.5 pahoehoe aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt 17 97.2 97.3 0.2 1 - - - ash ash 18 97.3 107.3 10.0 3 19.7 0.0 12.6 transitional highly olivine-phyric basalt 19 107.3 131.1 23.7 15 1.0 0.0 3.5 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 20 131.1 138.1 7.0 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 21 138.1 138.3 0.2 1 - - - ash ash 22 138.3 153.6 15.3 8 1.0 14.0 6.0 pahoehoe highly olivine plagioclase-phyric basalt 23 153.6 153.6 0.1 1 - - - ash ash 24 153.6 154.6 1.0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 25 154.6 154.7 0.0 1 - - - ash ash 26 154.7 170.2 15.5 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 27 170.2 173.4 3.2 4 11.5 0.0 8.5 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 28 173.4 181.1 7.7 3 14.3 0.0 9.3 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 29 181.1 188.1 7.0 2 4.3 0.0 7.3 transitional sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 30 188.1 188.3 0.2 1 - - - aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 31 188.3 188.8 0.4 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 aa aphyric basalt 32 188.8 201.5 12.8 7 11.7 0.0 10.3 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 33 201.5 201.7 0.2 1 - - - soil soil 34 201.7 201.9 0.2 1 - - - ash ash 35 201.9 213.5 11.5 1 3.6 0.0 6.5 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 36 213.5 232.8 19.4 2 15.5 0.0 8.4 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 37 232.8 238.0 5.2 2 6.0 0.0 9.0 pahoehoe moderately olivine-phyric basalt 38 238.0 238.4 0.4 1 - - - soil soil 39 238.4 239.0 0.6 1 - - - ash ash 40 239.0 243.9 4.9 2 7.4 0.0 10.5 transitional moderately olivine-phyric basalt 41 243.9 245.5 1.5 1 9.0 0.0 10.5 transitional moderately olivine-phyric basalt Mauna Kea subaerial 42 245.5 248.4 2.9 1 0.0 0.1 8.0 transitional sparsely plagioclase-phyric basalt 43 248.4 255.6 7.3 1 3.1 0.0 2.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 44 255.6 256.0 0.3 1 - - - ash ash 45 256.0 257.4 1.4 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 46 257.4 263.5 6.1 4 1.0 6.0 17.5 pahoehoe moderately olivine plagioclase-phyric basalt 47 263.5 269.7 6.2 4 2.0 13.0 8.3 aa highly olivine plagioclase-phyric basalt 48 269.7 279.0 9.3 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 aa aphyric basalt 49 279.0 284.6 5.5 1 10.6 0.1 1.0 aa mod-to-highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 50 284.6 287.0 2.5 1 11.6 0.1 0.5 aa highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 51 287.0 288.1 1.0 1 - - - soil soil 52 288.1 290.4 2.3 1 18.2 0.0 7.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 53 290.4 293.9 3.5 1 9.5 0.1 5.0 aa highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 54 293.9 296.8 2.9 1 9.4 0.1 4.0 aa highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 55 296.8 297.7 0.9 1 14.3 0.0 16.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 56 297.7 310.0 12.2 2 3.0 0.0 0.2 aa sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 57 310.0 315.7 5.8 1 19.6 0.0 3.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 58 315.7 321.0 5.2 1 6.8 0.0 4.5 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 59 321.0 324.3 3.4 1 0.6 0.0 8.5 aa aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 60 324.3 329.3 5.0 1 17.5 0.0 8.5 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 61 329.3 330.9 1.6 1 1.2 0.1 15.0 pahoehoe sparsely plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 62 330.9 335.6 4.7 3 1.7 0.0 19.0 pahoehoe sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 63 335.6 341.0 5.4 5 1.2 0.0 16.0 pahoehoe sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 64 341.0 341.0 0.0 1 - - - ash ash 65 341.0 359.2 18.2 3 24.8 0.0 6.9 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 66 359.2 359.4 0.1 1 - - - ash ash 67 359.4 362.7 3.4 1 1.0 0.0 4.0 aa sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 68 362.7 371.6 8.8 4 2.9 0.0 20.0 pahoehoe sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 69 371.6 372.9 1.3 1 1.4 0.0 30.0 pahoehoe sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 70 372.9 382.2 9.3 8 3.4 0.0 21.7 pahoehoe moderately olivine-phyric basalt 71 382.2 388.5 6.3 2 27.7 0.0 5.5 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 72 388.5 393.7 5.2 1 1.1 0.0 9.0 transitional aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 73 393.7 399.9 6.2 3 32.5 0.0 22.7 transitional highly olivine-phyric basalt 74 399.9 399.9 0.1 1 - - - ash ash 75 399.9 413.0 13.1 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 transitional aphyric basalt 76 413.0 423.9 10.9 1 22.3 0.0 6.7 transitional highly olivine-phyric basalt 77 423.9 427.8 3.8 1 10.1 0.0 6.5 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 78 427.8 430.0 2.2 1 17.0 0.0 12.0 transitional highly olivine-phyric basalt 79 430.0 439.5 9.5 1 20.4 0.0 5.3 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 80 439.5 446.9 7.4 1 3.4 0.0 1.7 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 81 446.9 451.3 4.4 1 - - - aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 82 451.3 463.4 12.2 1 4.8 0.0 13.3 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 83 463.4 469.1 5.7 2 13.3 0.0 12.3 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 84 469.1 474.6 5.5 1 19.9 0.0 7.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 85 474.6 476.6 2.0 1 10.9 0.0 8.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 86 476.6 484.2 7.6 1 13.2 0.0 8.3 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 87 484.2 489.5 5.3 2 11.9 0.1 11.5 aa mod-to-highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 88 489.5 495.2 5.7 1 7.7 0.0 4.3 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 89 495.2 504.7 9.5 7 0.1 0.0 21.6 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 90 504.7 509.6 4.9 1 5.4 0.0 8.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 91 509.6 513.6 4.0 1 1.1 0.0 7.0 aa aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 92 513.6 522.7 9.1 1 8.3 0.1 3.3 aa mod-to-highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 93 522.7 539.1 16.3 2 11.0 0.1 3.3 aa mod-to-highly plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 94 539.1 543.9 4.8 1 8.5 0.0 19.5 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 95 543.9 554.3 10.4 12 0.2 0.0 35.5 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 96 554.3 558.1 3.8 1 10.9 0.0 4.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 97 558.1 560.3 2.2 1 5.0 0.0 20.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 98 560.3 565.4 5.2 1 6.8 0.0 4.0 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 99 565.4 568.4 3.0 2 0.6 0.0 2.5 transitional aphyric basalt 100 568.4 573.0 4.6 2 0.1 0.0 15.7 aa aphyric basalt eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 101 573.0 579.2 6.2 1 1.6 0.0 6.0 aa sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 102 579.2 582.8 3.6 1 4.2 0.0 5.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 103 582.8 589.2 6.4 1 3.2 0.0 5.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 104 589.2 597.9 8.6 1 0.8 0.0 8.7 aa aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 105 597.9 602.1 4.2 1 13.4 0.0 12.7 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 106 602.1 608.7 6.6 1 0.1 0.0 13.7 aa aphyric basalt 107 608.7 620.9 12.2 1 14.6 0.0 9.4 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 108 620.9 622.6 1.6 1 0.1 0.0 21.0 aa aphyric basalt 109 622.6 632.7 10.2 3 6.5 0.0 8.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 110 632.7 638.0 5.3 1 8.6 0.0 17.7 transitional moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 111 638.0 641.2 3.1 1 17.8 0.0 18.5 transitional highly olivine-phyric basalt 112 641.2 642.6 1.4 1 6.6 0.0 24.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 113 642.6 646.0 3.4 1 14.0 0.0 9.5 transitional highly olivine-phyric basalt 114 646.0 659.2 13.2 1 19.1 0.0 14.8 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 115 659.2 673.5 14.3 1 6.3 0.0 10.5 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 116 673.5 681.2 7.7 1 1.2 0.0 3.5 aa sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 117 681.2 689.1 7.9 4 0.1 0.0 28.7 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 118 689.1 692.6 3.5 1 3.6 0.0 17.0 pahoehoe moderately olivine-phyric basalt 119 692.6 705.6 13.0 1 11.3 0.0 7.5 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 120 705.6 716.5 10.9 1 5.6 0.0 11.6 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 121 716.5 720.0 3.5 1 20.0 0.0 9.5 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 122 720.0 720.1 0.0 1 - - - ash ash 123 720.1 721.8 1.7 1 9.9 0.0 9.0 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 124 721.8 727.6 5.8 1 5.2 0.0 4.5 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 125 727.6 731.0 3.4 1 10.3 0.0 3.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 126 731.0 742.4 11.4 1 0.1 0.0 1.4 aa aphyric basalt 127 742.4 761.5 19.1 5 11.6 0.0 13.7 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 128 761.5 772.0 10.5 1 12.8 0.0 7.3 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 129 772.0 772.1 0.0 1 - - - ash ash 130 772.1 778.8 6.7 3 5.3 0.0 12.0 aa sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 131 778.8 786.3 7.5 1 10.2 0.0 8.3 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 132 786.3 794.9 8.6 2 15.5 0.0 10.3 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 133 794.9 804.2 9.4 1 1.0 0.0 4.0 aa sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 134 804.2 808.8 4.6 1 1.1 0.0 11.0 aa sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 135 808.8 810.1 1.3 1 0.1 0.0 13.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 136 810.1 816.3 6.2 4 5.9 0.0 21.7 pahoehoe moderately olivine-phyric basalt 137 816.3 828.8 12.5 1 0.1 0.0 2.6 aa aphyric basalt 138 828.8 835.9 7.1 1 7.8 0.0 6.0 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 139 835.9 846.9 11.0 8 5.9 0.0 21.0 pahoehoe aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt 140 846.9 856.4 9.4 1 10.3 0.0 9.3 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 141 856.4 861.7 5.3 1 7.8 0.0 10.5 aa moderately olivine-phyric basalt 142 861.7 875.4 13.7 1 0.3 0.0 5.5 aa aphyric basalt 143 875.4 881.9 6.6 1 8.9 0.0 6.7 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 144 881.9 897.5 15.6 12 1.5 0.0 19.6 pahoehoe aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt 145 897.5 898.9 1.4 1 1.6 0.0 34.0 pahoehoe sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 146 898.9 904.0 5.2 1 15.9 0.0 18.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 147 904.0 916.0 12.0 3 0.6 0.0 12.8 transitional aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 148 916.0 929.4 13.4 1 9.9 0.0 5.2 aa moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 149 929.4 941.4 12.0 2 2.4 0.0 20.7 pahoehoe aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt 150 941.4 943.0 1.6 1 20.3 0.0 14.5 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 151 943.0 949.2 6.2 2 18.4 0.0 13.0 pahoehoe highly olivine-phyric basalt eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 152 949.2 956.7 7.5 9 14.9 0.0 16.4 pahoehoe aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt 153 956.7 961.1 4.4 1 15.7 0.0 14.0 aa highly olivine-phyric basalt 154 961.1 967.0 6.0 1 9.7 0.0 11.0 transitional moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 155 967.0 1001.3 34.3 41 1.9 0.0 19.6 pahoehoe aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt 156 1001.3 1005.9 4.6 1 9.5 0.0 9.5 transitional moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 157 1005.9 1017.2 11.3 1 0.1 0.0 3.4 aa aphyric basalt 158 1017.2 1021.4 4.1 4 0.1 0.0 19.0 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 159 1021.4 1031.7 10.4 7 0.1 0.0 22.2 pahoehoe aphyric basalt 160 1031.7 1040.2 8.4 5 0.6 0.0 11.0 transitional aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 161 1040.2 1045.6 5.4 5 2.9 0.0 19.7 pahoehoe moderately olivine-phyric basalt 162 1045.6 1048.3 2.7 4 1.4 0.0 26.0 pahoehoe sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 163 1048.3 1049.8 1.5 1 3.5 0.0 13.3 pahoehoe moderately olivine-phyric basalt 164 1049.8 1051.7 1.9 1 4.5 0.0 12.0 transitional moderately olivine-phyric basalt 165 1051.7 1055.7 4.1 1 0.6 0.1 6.0 aa sparsely-to-mod plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 166 1055.7 1066.8 11.1 1 1.5 0.0 4.8 aa sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 167 1066.8 1067.0 0.1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ash ash 168 1067.0 1079.0 12.1 10 0.3 0.0 19.2 transitional aphyric basalt "Mauna Kea shallow submarine, dominantly hyaloclastite" 169 1079.0 1080.7 1.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, sparsely olivine-phyric basalt)" 170 1080.7 1082.9 2.2 1 1.1 0.0 11.5 massive sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 171 1082.9 1084.8 2.0 1 24.0 0.0 2.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 172 1084.8 1086.6 1.7 1 0.1 0.0 2.0 massive aphyric basalt 173 1086.6 1087.7 1.1 1 - - - conglomerate conglomerate 174 1087.7 1088.8 1.1 1 10.1 0.0 10.5 massive moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 175 1088.8 1089.8 1.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 176 1089.8 1092.7 2.9 1 11.8 0.0 13.0 massive moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 177 1092.7 1092.8 0.1 1 - - - sandstone sandstone 178 1092.8 1095.6 2.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, aphyric basalt clasts)" 179 1095.6 1099.4 3.8 1 14.9 0.0 1.4 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 180 1099.4 1107.1 7.7 2 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 181 1107.1 1110.2 3.1 1 2.1 0.0 6.5 massive sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 182 1110.2 1110.9 0.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, sparsely olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 183 1110.9 1111.9 1.1 1 8.6 0.0 19.0 massive moderately olivine-phyric basalt 184 1111.9 1122.6 10.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 185 1122.6 1126.4 3.8 1 2.0 0.0 1.0 massive sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 186 1126.4 1128.2 1.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 187 1128.2 1139.7 11.5 1 1.1 0.0 7.0 massive sparsely olivine-phyric basalt no core recovered 1139.7-1223.1 mbsl (tricone bit drilling) 188 1223.1 1227.0 3.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 189 1227.0 1227.2 0.2 1 - - - sandstone sandstone 190 1227.2 1243.1 15.8 2 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type no core recovered 1243.1-1260.5 mbsl (tricone bit drilling) 191 1260.5 1283.6 23.0 1 26.7 0.0 3.6 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 192 1283.6 1285.3 1.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 193 1285.3 1287.0 1.7 1 25.0 0.0 4.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 194 1287.0 1310.9 23.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 195 1310.9 1313.1 2.3 1 16.1 0.0 1.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 196 1313.1 1334.2 21.1 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 197 1334.2 1335.7 1.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly aphyric basalt clasts)" 198 1335.7 1403.9 68.2 5 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 199 1403.9 1408.6 4.7 1 13.1 0.0 1.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 200 1408.6 1409.8 1.2 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-rich basalt clasts)" 201 1409.8 1414.0 4.2 1 12.7 0.0 0.6 massive moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 202 1414.0 1484.9 70.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 203 1484.9 1486.2 1.3 1 16.6 0.0 0.5 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 204 1486.2 1494.9 8.6 3 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 205 1494.9 1496.7 1.8 1 22.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 206 1496.7 1497.2 0.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 207 1497.2 1498.7 1.5 1 19.2 0.0 1.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 208 1498.7 1505.7 7.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-rich basalt clasts)" 209 1505.7 1508.9 3.1 1 19.6 0.0 0.5 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 210 1508.9 1510.2 1.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 211 1510.2 1512.8 2.6 1 12.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 212 1512.8 1520.3 7.5 3 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 213 1520.3 1521.7 1.5 1 11.1 0.0 1.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 214 1521.7 1529.3 7.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-rich basalt clasts)" 215 1529.3 1531.0 1.7 1 22.4 0.0 2.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 216 1531.0 1548.7 17.6 2 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 217 1548.7 1551.8 3.1 1 12.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 218 1551.8 1584.5 32.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 219 1584.5 1585.6 1.1 1 - - - conglomerate pebbly conglomerate 220 1585.6 1591.9 6.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-rich basalt clasts)" 221 1591.9 1598.2 6.3 1 17.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 222 1598.2 1599.7 1.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 223 1599.7 1601.8 2.1 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, sandy matrix with dominantly highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 224 1601.8 1607.0 5.2 1 12.0 0.0 0.1 massive moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 225 1607.0 1635.5 28.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-rich basalt clasts)" 226 1635.5 1636.2 0.8 1 11.1 0.0 1.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 227 1636.2 1643.7 7.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 228 1643.7 1644.4 0.7 1 11.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 229 1644.4 1652.3 7.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 230 1652.3 1653.3 1.0 1 14.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 231 1653.3 1657.0 3.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 232 1657.0 1657.6 0.6 1 11.0 0.0 0.1 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 233 1657.6 1660.4 2.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 234 1660.4 1661.3 0.9 1 11.0 0.0 0.1 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 235 1661.3 1663.7 2.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 236 1663.7 1664.6 0.9 1 9.5 0.0 0.1 massive moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 237 1664.6 1667.3 2.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 238 1667.3 1716.0 48.7 9 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (sandy matrix, polymict, dominantly moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 239 1716.0 1716.7 0.7 1 - - - sandstone sandstone with silty interbeds 240 1716.7 1717.8 1.2 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 241 1717.8 1719.7 1.9 1 - - - sandstone sandstone with silty and pebbly interbeds 242 1719.7 1738.8 19.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 243 1738.8 1739.8 1.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 244 1739.8 1759.4 19.6 7 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly aphyric basalt clasts)" 245 1759.4 1764.7 5.3 1 15.3 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 246 1764.7 1765.2 0.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 247 1765.2 1766.1 0.9 1 16.0 0.0 0.0 massive highly olivine-phyric basalt 248 1766.1 1781.8 15.7 11 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 249 1781.8 1783.4 1.6 1 3.0 0.0 1.0 massive moderately olivine-phyric basalt 250 1783.4 1783.9 0.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 251 1783.9 1793.2 9.2 2 4.0 0.0 0.0 massive moderately olivine-phyric basalt 252 1793.2 1793.8 0.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 253 1793.8 1795.0 1.2 1 5.0 0.0 0.0 massive moderately olivine-phyric basalt 254 1795.0 1802.0 7.1 9 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, sparsely-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 255 1802.0 1804.4 2.4 2 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite with silty interbeds 256 1804.4 1809.3 4.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 257 1809.3 1810.1 0.9 1 - - - sandstone sandstone with silty intervals 258 1810.1 1812.4 2.2 1 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite with sandy interbeds 259 1812.4 1813.2 0.9 1 - - - sandstone sandstone with silty intervals 260 1813.2 1838.7 25.5 8 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 261 1838.7 1870.1 31.4 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 262 1870.1 1882.6 12.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 263 1882.6 1888.4 5.8 1 6.0 0.0 0.3 intrusion moderately olivine-phyric basalt 264 1888.4 1911.0 22.6 2 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 265 1911.0 1913.4 2.4 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 266 1913.4 1915.2 1.8 1 3.0 0.0 0.0 intrusion moderately olivine-phyric basalt 267 1915.2 1920.7 5.5 4 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 268 1920.7 1923.2 2.5 1 15.0 0.0 0.0 intrusion highly olivine-phyric basalt 269 1923.2 1924.4 1.1 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 270 1924.4 1945.9 21.6 13 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 271 1945.9 1958.0 12.1 7 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 272 1958.0 1966.3 8.3 12 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 273 1966.3 1968.3 2.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 274 1968.3 1975.4 7.1 2 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric clasts)" 275 1975.4 1983.6 8.2 3 - - - sandstone "sandstone (silty intervals, grading to basaltic hyaloclastite)" "Mauna Kea deep submarine, dominantly pillow lavas" 276 1983.6 1989.7 6.0 8 10.0 0.0 0.0 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 277 1989.7 1991.5 1.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 278 1991.5 2011.2 19.8 22 7.8 0.0 0.1 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 279 2011.2 2012.4 1.2 1 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite (with silty intervals) 280 2012.4 2023.2 10.8 4 11.6 0.0 0.2 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 281 2023.2 2025.7 2.5 1 - - - sandstone sandstone (with silty intervals) 282 2025.7 2033.7 8.0 5 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 283 2033.7 2086.5 52.9 35 7.9 0.0 0.4 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 284 2086.5 2135.9 49.3 55 13.3 0.0 0.0 pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 285 2135.9 2172.7 36.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite with silty interbeds 286 2172.7 2214.8 42.1 7 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite with silty interbeds 287 2214.8 2232.9 18.1 3 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite with silty interbeds 288 2232.9 2281.7 48.8 111 1.0 0.0 2.0 pillow aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 289 2281.7 2282.7 1.0 1 - - - sandstone sandstone with silty intervals 290 2282.7 2313.0 30.3 64 1.0 0.0 1.4 pillow sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 291 2313.0 2327.8 14.8 1 0.2 0.0 6.2 pillow aphyric basalt 292 2327.8 2359.3 31.5 80 0.5 0.0 0.9 pillow aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 293 2359.3 2457.7 98.4 260 0.6 0.0 3.8 pillow aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt 294 2457.7 2464.6 6.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly aphyric basalt clasts)" 295 2464.6 2470.3 5.7 12 0.1 0.0 9.7 pillow aphyric basalt 296 2470.3 2481.0 10.8 3 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly sparsely olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 297 2481.0 2502.0 20.9 2 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 298 2502.0 2503.1 1.1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 massive aphyric basalt 299 2503.1 2508.1 5.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 300 2508.1 2509.8 1.7 1 4.0 0.0 0.1 massive moderately olivine-phyric basalt 301 2509.8 2511.4 1.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 302 2511.4 2517.1 5.7 1 16.0 0.0 0.0 intrusion highly olivine-phyric basalt 303 2517.1 2529.6 12.5 3 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 304 2529.6 2529.7 0.2 1 0.1 0.0 0.1 intrusion aphyric basalt 305 2529.7 2585.5 55.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 306 2585.5 2588.3 2.8 1 - - - hyaloclastite basaltic hyaloclastite (with silty intervals) 307 2588.3 2591.9 3.6 1 1.1 0.0 1.0 intrusion aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 308a 2591.9 2595.5 3.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 309a 2595.5 2595.7 0.2 1 1.4 0.0 0.8 intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 308b 2595.7 2596.0 0.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 309b 2596.0 2598.5 2.5 1 2.0 0.0 0.1 intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 308c 2598.5 2599.0 0.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 309c 2599.0 2600.7 1.7 1 - - - intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 308d 2600.7 2600.8 0.1 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 310a 2600.8 2601.1 0.3 1 4.9 0.0 0.5 pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 309d 2601.1 2601.2 0.1 1 - - - intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 310b 2601.2 2601.8 0.6 1 4.0 0.1 0.1 pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 309e 2601.8 2602.5 0.7 1 - - - intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 310c 2602.5 2602.7 0.2 1 - - - pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 309f 2602.7 2604.1 1.4 1 - - - intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 310d 2604.1 2604.3 0.2 1 - - - pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 309g 2604.3 2604.3 0.1 1 - - - intrusion sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 310e 2604.3 2617.4 13.1 29 - - - pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 311 2617.4 2617.5 0.1 1 - - - sandstone sandstone 312 2617.5 2689.5 72.0 146 4.7 0.0 0.1 pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 313 2689.5 2694.0 4.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-rich basalt clasts)" eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 314 2694.0 2696.0 2.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (monolithologic, aphyric to sparsely olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 315 2696.0 2703.2 7.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, dominantly olivine-poor basalt clasts)" 316 2703.2 2731.6 28.4 47 11.1 0.0 2.6 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 317 2731.6 2737.0 5.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 318 2737.0 2737.7 0.7 1 0.1 0.0 3.0 massive sparsely olivine-phyric basalt 319 2737.7 2763.3 25.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to moderately olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 320 2763.3 2778.3 15.0 23 4.7 0.0 0.1 pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 321 2778.3 2791.4 13.1 34 3.6 0.0 0.1 pillow moderately plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 322 2791.4 2796.4 5.0 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, sparsely-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 323 2796.4 2797.3 0.9 1 0.2 0.0 41.0 massive aphyric basalt 324a 2797.3 2799.4 2.1 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 325a 2799.4 2800.4 0.9 1 10.8 0.0 0.1 intrusion moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 324b 2800.4 2802.3 1.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 325b 2802.3 2802.7 0.4 1 - - - intrusion moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 324c 2802.7 2803.4 0.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 325c 2803.4 2805.0 1.6 1 - - - intrusion moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 324d 2805.0 2806.9 1.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 325d 2806.9 2807.0 0.1 1 - - - intrusion moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 324e 2807.0 2820.9 13.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 326a 2820.9 2823.9 3.0 13 11.5 0.0 0.9 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 327 2823.9 2825.6 1.7 1 3.0 0.0 0.1 intrusion moderately olivine-phyric basalt 326b 2825.6 2832.7 7.1 17 - - - pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 328 2832.7 2836.0 3.3 3 5.0 0.0 0.1 pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 329 2836.0 2836.4 0.4 1 0.1 0.0 0.1 intrusion aphyric basalt 330 2836.4 2845.6 9.2 12 3.6 0.0 0.3 pillow moderately olivine-phyric basalt 331 2845.6 2881.1 35.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 332 2881.1 2917.3 36.2 1 - - - hyaloclastite "basaltic hyaloclastite (polymict, aphyric to highly olivine-phyric basalt clasts)" 333 2917.3 2919.4 2.1 1 13.4 0.0 3.0 pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 334 2919.4 2922.1 2.7 1 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 335a 2922.1 2962.8 40.7 77 11.7 0.0 0.5 pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 336a 2962.8 2963.0 0.2 1 0.3 0.0 0.2 intrusion aphyric basalt 335b 2963.0 2963.1 0.2 1 - - - pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 336b 2963.1 2963.4 0.3 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 335c 2963.4 2965.5 2.0 6 - - - pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 336c 2965.5 2967.6 2.2 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 335d 2967.6 2975.9 8.2 20 - - - pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 336d 2975.9 2977.1 1.2 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt eTable 1 cont. litho unit top depth (m) bottom depth (m) thickness (m) flows per unit oliv mode % plag mode % vesicles mode % unit type rock type 335e 2977.1 2979.3 2.2 6 - - - pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 336e 2979.3 2979.7 0.4 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 337a 2979.7 2979.9 0.3 1 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 336f 2979.9 2980.0 0.1 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 337b 2980.0 2981.6 1.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 335f 2981.6 2982.4 0.8 1 - - - pillow moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt 337c 2982.4 2984.0 1.6 1 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 336g 2984.0 2985.1 1.1 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 337d 2985.1 2993.8 8.7 3 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 336h 2993.8 2995.2 1.4 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 337e 2995.2 2996.2 0.9 1 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (moderately-to-highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 336i 2996.2 3001.1 4.9 2 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 338 3001.1 3008.0 6.9 12 16.4 0.0 1.2 pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 339 3008.0 3009.2 1.2 1 12.0 0.0 0.1 pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 340a 3009.2 3012.7 3.4 11 17.8 0.0 0.8 pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 341a 3012.7 3012.9 0.2 1 1.2 0.2 0.3 intrusion aphyric to sparsely plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 340b 3012.9 3013.1 0.2 1 - - - pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 341b 3013.1 3020.4 7.3 1 - - - intrusion aphyric to sparsely plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 340c 3020.4 3020.6 0.2 1 - - - pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 341c 3020.6 3021.4 0.8 1 - - - intrusion aphyric to sparsely plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 340d 3021.4 3022.7 1.4 1 - - - pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 341d 3022.7 3022.9 0.2 1 - - - intrusion aphyric to sparsely plagioclase-olivine-phyric basalt 340e 3022.9 3059.6 36.7 72 - - - pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 342 3059.6 3061.1 1.5 1 - - - hyaloclastite pillow breccia (highly olivine-phyric basalt fragments) 340f 3061.1 3063.1 2.0 1 - - - pillow highly olivine-phyric basalt 343a 3063.1 3079.2 16.1 33 7.1 0.1 0.3 pillow sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 344a 3079.2 3079.2 0.1 1 0.1 0.0 0.1 intrusion aphyric basalt 343b 3079.2 3080.3 1.1 1 - - - pillow sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 344b 3080.3 3081.2 0.9 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 343c 3081.2 3083.9 2.7 4 - - - pillow sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 344c 3083.9 3083.9 0.0 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 343d 3083.9 3086.3 2.4 10 - - - pillow sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 344d 3086.3 3086.5 0.2 1 - - - intrusion aphyric basalt 343e 3086.5 3093.4 6.9 17 - - - pillow sparsely-to-moderately olivine-phyric basalt 345 3093.4 3097.9 4.5 12 1.0 0.1 0.1 pillow sparsely olivine-phyric basalt "Units without modes are either not igneous, too fragmentary to point count (rubble), or too small to point count" "(thin intrusions or subunits between them). Mineral abundances are summarized in the rock type. Subunits (e.g.," 344a-d) are lithologically uniform and represented by a single mode.