Girth and groomed radius of jets recoiling against isolated photons in lead-lead and proton-proton collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV

Creators: Hayrapetyan, A.¹; Tumasyan, A.¹; Adam, W.²; Andrejkovic, J.W.²; Bergauer, T.²; Chatterjee, S.²; Damanakis, K.²; Dragicevic, M.²; Hussain, P.S.²; Jeitler, M.²; Krammer, N.²; Li, A.²; Liko, D.²; Mikulec, I.²; Schieck, J.²; Schöfbeck, R.²; Schwarz, D.²; Sonawane, M.²; Templ, S.²; Waltenberger, W.²; Wulz, C.-E.²; Darwish, M.R.³; Janssen, T.³; Van Mechelen, P.³; Bols, E.S.⁴; D'Hondt, J.⁴; Dansana, S.⁴; De Moor, A.⁴; Delcourt, M.⁴; Lowette, S.⁴; Makarenko, I.⁴; Müller, D.⁴; Tavernier, S.⁴; Tytgat, M.⁴; Van Onsem, G.P.⁴; Van Putte, S.⁴; Vannerom, D.⁴; Clerbaux, B.⁵; Das, A.K.⁵; De Lentdecker, G.⁵; Evard, H.⁵; Favart, L.⁵; Gianneios, P.⁵; Hohov, D.⁵; Jaramillo, J.⁵; Khalilzadeh, A.⁵; Khan, F.A.⁵; Lee, K.⁵; Mahdavikhorrami, M.⁵; Malara, A.⁵; Paredes, S.⁵; Thomas, L.⁵; Vanden Bemden, M.⁵; Vander Velde, C.⁵; Vanlaer, P.⁵; De Coen, M.⁶; Dobur, D.⁶; Hong, Y.⁶; Knolle, J.⁶; Lambrecht, L.⁶; Mestdach, G.⁶; Mota Amarilo, K.⁶; Rendón, C.⁶; Samalan, A.⁶; Skovpen, K.⁶; Van Den Bossche, N.⁶; van der Linden, J.⁶; Wezenbeek, L.⁶; Benecke, A.⁷; Bethani, A.⁷; Bruno, G.⁷; Caputo, C.⁷; Delaere, C.⁷; Donertas, I.S.⁷; Giammanco, A.⁷; Jain, Sa.⁷; Lemaitre, V.⁷; Lidrych, J.⁷; Mastrapasqua, P.⁷; Tran, T.T.⁷; Wertz, S.⁷; Alves, G.A.⁸; Coelho, E.⁸; Hensel, C.⁸; Menezes De Oliveira, T.⁸; Moraes, A.⁸; Rebello Teles, P.⁸; Soeiro, M.⁸; Aldá Júnior, W.L.⁹; Alves Gallo Pereira, M.⁹; Barroso Ferreira Filho, M.⁹; Brandao Malbouisson, H.⁹; Carvalho, W.⁹; Chinellato, J.⁹; Da Costa, E.M.⁹; Da Silveira, G.G.⁹; De Jesus Damiao, D.⁹; Fonseca De Souza, S.⁹; Gomes De Souza, R.⁹; Martins, J.⁹; Mora Herrera, C.⁹; Mundim, L.⁹; Nogima, H.⁹; Pinheiro, J.P.⁹; Santoro, A.⁹; Sznajder, A.⁹; Thiel, M.⁹; Vilela Pereira, A.⁹; Bernardes, C.A.¹⁰; Calligaris, L.¹⁰; Fernandez Perez Tomei, T.R.¹⁰; Gregores, E.M.¹⁰; Mercadante, P.G.¹⁰; Novaes, S.F.¹⁰; Orzari, B.¹⁰; Padula, Sandra S.¹⁰; Aleksandrov, A.¹¹; Antchev, G.¹¹; Hadjiiska, R.¹¹; Iaydjiev, P.¹¹; Misheva, M.¹¹; Shopova, M.¹¹; Sultanov, G.¹¹; Dimitrov, A.¹²; Litov, L.¹²; Pavlov, B.¹²; Petkov, P.¹²; Petrov, A.¹²; Shumka, E.¹²; Keshri, S.¹³; Thakur, S.¹³; Cheng, T.¹⁴; Javaid, T.¹⁴; Yuan, L.¹⁴; Hu, Z.¹⁵; Liu, J.¹⁵; Yi, K.¹⁵; Chen, G.M.¹⁶; Chen, H.S.¹⁶; Chen, M.¹⁶; Iemmi, F.¹⁶; Jiang, C.H.¹⁶; Kapoor, A.¹⁶; Liao, H.¹⁶; Liu, Z.-A.¹⁶; Sharma, R.¹⁶; Song, J.N.¹⁶; Tao, J.¹⁶; Wang, C.¹⁶; Wang, J.¹⁶; Wang, Z.¹⁶; Zhang, H.¹⁶; Agapitos, A.¹⁷; Ban, Y.¹⁷; Levin, A.¹⁷; Li, C.¹⁷; Li, Q.¹⁷; Mao, Y.¹⁷; Qian, S.J.¹⁷; Sun, X.¹⁷; Wang, D.¹⁷; Yang, H.¹⁷; Zhang, L.¹⁷; Zhou, C.¹⁷; You, Z.¹⁸; Jaffel, K.¹⁹; Lu, N.¹⁹; Bauer, G.²⁰; Gao, X.²¹; Lin, Z.²²; Lu, C.²²; Xiao, M.²²; Avila, C.²³; Barbosa Trujillo, D.A.²³; Cabrera, A.²³; Florez, C.²³; Fraga, J.²³; Reyes Vega, J.A.²³; Mejia Guisao, J.²⁴; Ramirez, F.²⁴; Rodriguez, M.²⁴; Ruiz Alvarez, J.D.²⁴; Giljanovic, D.²⁵; Godinovic, N.²⁵; Lelas, D.²⁵; Sculac, A.²⁵; Kovac, M.²⁶; Sculac, T.²⁶; Bargassa, P.²⁷; Brigljevic, V.²⁷; Chitroda, B.K.²⁷; Ferencek, D.²⁷; Jakovcic, K.²⁷; Mishra, S.²⁷; Starodumov, A.²⁷; Susa, T.²⁷; Attikis, A.²⁸; Christoforou, K.²⁸; Hadjiagapiou, A.²⁸; Konstantinou, S.²⁸; Mousa, J.²⁸; Nicolaou, C.²⁸; Ptochos, F.²⁸; Razis, P.A.²⁸; Rykaczewski, H.²⁸; Saka, H.²⁸; Stepennov, A.²⁸; Finger, M.²⁹; Finger, M.; Kveton, A.²⁹; Ayala, E.³⁰; Carrera Jarrin, E.³¹; Abdelalim, A.A.³²; Elgammal, S.³²; Lotfy, A.³³; Mohammed, Y.³³; Ehataht, K.³⁴; Kadastik, M.³⁴; Lange, T.³⁴; Nandan, S.³⁴; Nielsen, C.³⁴; Pata, J.³⁴; Raidal, M.³⁴; Tani, L.³⁴; Veelken, C.³⁴; Kirschenmann, H.³⁵; Osterberg, K.³⁵; Voutilainen, M.³⁵; Bharthuar, S.³⁶; Brücken, E.³⁶; Garcia, F.³⁶; Kallonen, K.T.S.³⁶; Kinnunen, R.³⁶; Lampén, T.³⁶; Lassila-Perini, K.³⁶; Lehti, S.³⁶; Lindén, T.³⁶; Martikainen, L.³⁶; Myllymäki, M.³⁶; Rantanen, M.m.³⁶; Siikonen, H.³⁶; Tuominen, E.³⁶; Tuominiemi, J.³⁶; Luukka, P.³⁷; Petrow, H.³⁷; Besancon, M.³⁸; Couderc, F.³⁸; Dejardin, M.³⁸; Denegri, D.³⁸; Faure, J.L.³⁸; Ferri, F.³⁸; Ganjour, S.³⁸; Gras, P.³⁸; Hamel de Monchenault, G.³⁸; Lohezic, V.³⁸; Malcles, J.³⁸; Portales, L.³⁸; Rander, J.³⁸; Rosowsky, A.³⁸; Sahin, M.Ö.³⁸; Savoy-Navarro, A.³⁸; Simkina, P.³⁸; Titov, M.³⁸; Tornago, M.³⁸; Beaudette, F.³⁹; Buchot Perraguin, A.³⁹; Busson, P.³⁹; Cappati, A.³⁹; Charlot, C.³⁹; Chiusi, M.³⁹; Damas, F.³⁹; Davignon, O.³⁹; De Wit, A.³⁹; Ehle, I.T.³⁹; Fontana Santos Alves, B.A.³⁹; Ghosh, S.³⁹; Gilbert, A.³⁹; Granier de Cassagnac, R.³⁹; Hakimi, A.³⁹; Harikrishnan, B.³⁹; Kalipoliti, L.³⁹; Liu, G.³⁹; Motta, J.³⁹; Nguyen, M.³⁹; Ochando, C.³⁹; Salerno, R.³⁹; Sauvan, J.B.³⁹; Sirois, Y.³⁹; Tarabini, A.³⁹; Vernazza, E.³⁹; Zabi, A.³⁹; Zghiche, A.³⁹; Agram, J.-L.⁴⁰; Andrea, J.⁴⁰; Apparu, D.⁴⁰; Bloch, D.⁴⁰; Brom, J.-M.⁴⁰; Chabert, E.C.⁴⁰; Collard, C.⁴⁰; Falke, S.⁴⁰; Goerlach, U.⁴⁰; Grimault, C.⁴⁰; Haeberle, R.⁴⁰; Le Bihan, A.-C.⁴⁰; Meena, M.⁴⁰; Saha, G.⁴⁰; Sessini, M.A.⁴⁰; Van Hove, P.⁴⁰; Beauceron, S.⁴¹; Blancon, B.⁴¹; Boudoul, G.⁴¹; Chanon, N.⁴¹; Choi, J.⁴¹; Contardo, D.⁴¹; Depasse, P.⁴¹; Dozen, C.⁴¹; El Mamouni, H.⁴¹; Fay, J.⁴¹; Gascon, S.⁴¹; Gouzevitch, M.⁴¹; Greenberg, C.⁴¹; Grenier, G.⁴¹; Ille, B.⁴¹; Laktineh, I.B.⁴¹; Lethuillier, M.⁴¹; Mirabito, L.⁴¹; Perries, S.⁴¹; Purohit, A.⁴¹; Vander Donckt, M.⁴¹; Verdier, P.⁴¹; Xiao, J.⁴¹; Adamov, G.⁴²; Lomidze, I.⁴²; Tsamalaidze, Z.⁴²; Botta, V.⁴³; Feld, L.⁴³; Klein, K.⁴³; Lipinski, M.⁴³; Meuser, D.⁴³; Pauls, A.⁴³; Röwert, N.⁴³; Teroerde, M.⁴³; Diekmann, S.⁴⁴; Dodonova, A.⁴⁴; Eich, N.⁴⁴; Eliseev, D.⁴⁴; Engelke, F.⁴⁴; Erdmann, J.⁴⁴; Erdmann, M.⁴⁴; Fackeldey, P.⁴⁴; Fischer, B.⁴⁴; Hebbeker, T.⁴⁴; Hoepfner, K.⁴⁴; Ivone, F.⁴⁴; Jung, A.⁴⁴; Lee, M.y.⁴⁴; Mausolf, F.⁴⁴; Merschmeyer, M.⁴⁴; Meyer, A.⁴⁴; Mukherjee, S.⁴⁴; Noll, D.⁴⁴; Nowotny, F.⁴⁴; Pozdnyakov, A.⁴⁴; Rath, Y.⁴⁴; Redjeb, W.⁴⁴; Rehm, F.⁴⁴; Reithler, H.⁴⁴; Sarkar, U.⁴⁴; Sarkisovi, V.⁴⁴; Schmidt, A.⁴⁴; Sharma, A.⁴⁴; Spah, J.L.⁴⁴; Stein, A.⁴⁴; Torres Da Silva De Araujo, F.⁴⁴; Wiedenbeck, S.⁴⁴; Zaleski, S.⁴⁴; Dziwok, C.⁴⁵; Flügge, G.⁴⁵; Haj Ahmad, W.⁴⁵; Kress, T.⁴⁵; Nowack, A.⁴⁵; Pooth, O.⁴⁵; Stahl, A.⁴⁵; Ziemons, T.⁴⁵; Zotz, A.⁴⁵; Aarup Petersen, H.⁴⁶; Aldaya Martin, M.⁴⁶; Alimena, J.⁴⁶; Amoroso, S.⁴⁶; An, Y.⁴⁶; Baxter, S.⁴⁶; Bayatmakou, M.⁴⁶; Becerril Gonzalez, H.⁴⁶; Behnke, O.⁴⁶; Belvedere, A.⁴⁶; Bhattacharya, S.⁴⁶; Blekman, F.⁴⁶; Borras, K.⁴⁶; Campbell, A.⁴⁶; Cardini, A.⁴⁶; Cheng, C.⁴⁶; Colombina, F.⁴⁶; Consuegra Rodríguez, S.⁴⁶; Correia Silva, G.⁴⁶; De Silva, M.⁴⁶; Eckerlin, G.⁴⁶; Eckstein, D.⁴⁶; Estevez Banos, L.I.⁴⁶; Filatov, O.⁴⁶; Gallo, E.⁴⁶; Geiser, A.⁴⁶; Giraldi, A.⁴⁶; Guglielmi, V.⁴⁶; Guthoff, M.⁴⁶; Hinzmann, A.⁴⁶; Jafari, A.⁴⁶; Jeppe, L.⁴⁶; Jomhari, N.Z.⁴⁶; Kaech, B.⁴⁶; Kasemann, M.⁴⁶; Kleinwort, C.⁴⁶; Kogler, R.⁴⁶; Komm, M.⁴⁶; Krücker, D.⁴⁶; Lange, W.⁴⁶; Leyva Pernia, D.⁴⁶; Lipka, K.⁴⁶; Lohmann, W.⁴⁶; Lorkowski, F.⁴⁶; Mankel, R.⁴⁶; Melzer-Pellmann, I.-A.⁴⁶; Mendizabal Morentin, M.⁴⁶; Meyer, A.B.⁴⁶; Milella, G.⁴⁶; Mussgiller, A.⁴⁶; Nair, L.P.⁴⁶; Nürnberg, A.⁴⁶; Otarid, Y.⁴⁶; Park, J.⁴⁶; Pérez Adán, D.⁴⁶; Ranken, E.⁴⁶; Raspereza, A.⁴⁶; Rastorguev, D.⁴⁶; Ribeiro Lopes, B.⁴⁶; Rübenach, J.⁴⁶; Saggio, A.⁴⁶; Scham, M.⁴⁶; Schnake, S.⁴⁶; Schütze, P.⁴⁶; Schwanenberger, C.⁴⁶; Selivanova, D.⁴⁶; Sharko, K.⁴⁶; Shchedrolosiev, M.⁴⁶; Sosa Ricardo, R.E.⁴⁶; Stafford, D.⁴⁶; Vazzoler, F.⁴⁶; Ventura Barroso, A.⁴⁶; Walsh, R.⁴⁶; Wang, Q.⁴⁶; Wen, Y.⁴⁶; Wichmann, K.⁴⁶; Wiens, L.⁴⁶; Wissing, C.⁴⁶; Yang, Y.⁴⁶; Zimermmane Castro Santos, A.⁴⁶; Albrecht, A.⁴⁷; Albrecht, S.⁴⁷; Antonello, M.⁴⁷; Bein, S.⁴⁷; Benato, L.⁴⁷; Bollweg, S.⁴⁷; Bonanomi, M.⁴⁷; Connor, P.⁴⁷; El Morabit, K.⁴⁷; Fischer, Y.⁴⁷; Garutti, E.⁴⁷; Grohsjean, A.⁴⁷; Haller, J.⁴⁷; Jabusch, H.R.⁴⁷; Kasieczka, G.⁴⁷; Keicher, P.⁴⁷; Klanner, R.⁴⁷; Korcari, W.⁴⁷; Kramer, T.⁴⁷; Kutzner, V.⁴⁷; Labe, F.⁴⁷; Lange, J.⁴⁷; Lobanov, A.⁴⁷; Matthies, C.⁴⁷; Mehta, A.⁴⁷; Moureaux, L.⁴⁷; Mrowietz, M.⁴⁷; Nigamova, A.⁴⁷; Nissan, Y.⁴⁷; Paasch, A.⁴⁷; Pena Rodriguez, K.J.⁴⁷; Quadfasel, T.⁴⁷; Raciti, B.⁴⁷; Rieger, M.⁴⁷; Savoiu, D.⁴⁷; Schindler, J.⁴⁷; Schleper, P.⁴⁷; Schröder, M.⁴⁷; Schwandt, J.⁴⁷; Sommerhalder, M.⁴⁷; Stadie, H.⁴⁷; Steinbrück, G.⁴⁷; Tews, A.⁴⁷; Wolf, M.⁴⁷; Brommer, S.⁴⁸; Burkart, M.⁴⁸; Butz, E.⁴⁸; Chwalek, T.⁴⁸; Dierlamm, A.⁴⁸; Droll, A.⁴⁸; Faltermann, N.⁴⁸; Giffels, M.⁴⁸; Gottmann, A.⁴⁸; Hartmann, F.⁴⁸; Hofsaess, R.⁴⁸; Horzela, M.⁴⁸; Husemann, U.⁴⁸; Kieseler, J.⁴⁸; Klute, M.⁴⁸; Koppenhöfer, R.⁴⁸; Lawhorn, J.M.⁴⁸; Link, M.⁴⁸; Lintuluoto, A.⁴⁸; Maier, B.⁴⁸; Maier, S.⁴⁸; Mitra, S.⁴⁸; Mormile, M.⁴⁸; Müller, Th.⁴⁸; Neukum, M.⁴⁸; Oh, M.⁴⁸; Pfeffer, E.⁴⁸; Presilla, M.⁴⁸; Quast, G.⁴⁸; Rabbertz, K.⁴⁸; Regnery, B.⁴⁸; Shadskiy, N.⁴⁸; Shvetsov, I.⁴⁸; Simonis, H.J.⁴⁸; Toms, M.⁴⁸; Trevisani, N.⁴⁸; Von Cube, R.F.⁴⁸; Wassmer, M.⁴⁸; Wieland, S.⁴⁸; Wittig, F.⁴⁸; Wolf, R.⁴⁸; Zuo, X.⁴⁸; Anagnostou, G.⁴⁹; Daskalakis, G.⁴⁹; Kyriakis, A.⁴⁹; Papadopoulos, A.⁴⁹; Stakia, A.⁴⁹; Kontaxakis, P.⁵⁰; Melachroinos, G.⁵⁰; Painesis, Z.⁵⁰; Panagiotou, A.⁵⁰; Papavergou, I.⁵⁰; Paraskevas, I.⁵⁰; Saoulidou, N.⁵⁰; Theofilatos, K.⁵⁰; Tziaferi, E.⁵⁰; Vellidis, K.⁵⁰; Zisopoulos, I.⁵⁰; Bakas, G.⁵¹; Chatzistavrou, T.⁵¹; Karapostoli, G.⁵¹; Kousouris, K.⁵¹; Papakrivopoulos, I.⁵¹; Siamarkou, E.⁵¹; Tsipolitis, G.⁵¹; Zacharopoulou, A.⁵¹; Adamidis, K.⁵²; Bestintzanos, I.⁵²; Evangelou, I.⁵²; Foudas, C.⁵²; Kamtsikis, C.⁵²; Katsoulis, P.⁵²; Kokkas, P.⁵²; Kosmoglou Kioseoglou, P.G.⁵²; Manthos, N.⁵²; Papadopoulos, I.⁵²; Strologas, J.⁵²; Bartók, M.⁵³; Hajdu, C.⁵³; Horvath, D.⁵³; Márton, K.⁵³; Rádl, A.J.⁵³; Sikler, F.⁵³; Veszpremi, V.⁵³; Csanád, M.⁵⁴; Farkas, K.⁵⁴; Gadallah, M.M.A.⁵⁴; Kadlecsik, Á.⁵⁴; Major, P.⁵⁴; Mandal, K.⁵⁴; Pásztor, G.⁵⁴; Veres, G.I.⁵⁴; Raics, P.⁵⁵; Ujvari, B.⁵⁵; Zilizi, G.⁵⁵; Bencze, G.⁵⁶; Czellar, S.⁵⁶; Molnar, J.⁵⁶; Szillasi, Z.⁵⁶; Csorgo, T.⁵⁷; Nemes, F.⁵⁷; Novak, T.⁵⁷; Babbar, J.⁵⁸; Bansal, S.⁵⁸; Beri, S.B.⁵⁸; Bhatnagar, V.⁵⁸; Chaudhary, G.⁵⁸; Chauhan, S.⁵⁸; Dhingra, N.⁵⁸; Kaur, A.⁵⁸; Kaur, A.⁵⁸; Kaur, H.⁵⁸; Kaur, M.; Kumar, S.⁵⁸; Sandeep, K.⁵⁸; Sheokand, T.⁵⁸; Singh, J.B.⁵⁸; Singla, A.⁵⁸; Ahmed, A.⁵⁹; Bhardwaj, A.⁵⁹; Chhetri, A.⁵⁹; Choudhary, B.C.⁵⁹; Kumar, A.⁵⁹; Kumar, A.⁶⁰; Naimuddin, M.⁵⁹; Ranjan, K.⁵⁹; Saumya, S.⁵⁹; Baradia, S.⁶¹; Barman, S.⁶¹; Bhattacharya, S.⁶¹; Dutta, S.⁶¹; Dutta, S.⁶²; Sarkar, S.⁶¹; Ameen, M.M.⁶⁰; Behera, P.K.⁶⁰; Behera, S.C.⁶⁰; Chatterjee, S.⁶⁰; Jana, P.⁶⁰; Kalbhor, P.⁶⁰; Komaragiri, J.R.⁶⁰; Kumar, D.⁶³; Pujahari, P.R.⁶⁰; Saha, N.R.⁶⁰; Sharma, A.⁶⁰; Sikdar, A.K.⁶⁰; Verma, S.⁶⁰; Dugad, S.⁶³; Kumar, M.⁶⁴; Mohanty, G.B.⁶³; Suryadevara, P.⁶³; Bala, A.⁶⁴; Banerjee, S.⁶⁴; Chatterjee, R.M.⁶⁴; Dewanjee, R.K.⁶⁴; Guchait, M.⁶⁴; Jain, Sh.⁶⁴; Jaiswal, A.⁶⁴; Kumar, S.; Majumder, G.⁶⁴; Mazumdar, K.⁶⁴; Parolia, S.⁶⁴; Thachayath, A.⁶⁴; Bahinipati, S.⁶⁵; Kar, C.⁶⁵; Maity, D.⁶⁵; Mal, P.⁶⁵; Mishra, T.⁶⁵; Muraleedharan Nair Bindhu, V.K.⁶⁵; Naskar, K.⁶⁵; Nayak, A.⁶⁵; Sadangi, P.⁶⁵; Swain, S.K.⁶⁵; Varghese, S.⁶⁵; Vats, D.⁶⁵; Acharya, S.⁶⁶; Alpana, A.⁶⁶; Dube, S.⁶⁶; Gomber, B.⁶⁶; Kansal, B.⁶⁶; Laha, A.⁶⁶; Sahu, B.⁶⁶; Sharma, S.⁶⁶; Vaish, K.Y.⁶⁶; Bakhshiansohi, H.⁶⁷; Khazaie, E.⁶⁷; Zeinali, M.⁶⁷; Chenarani, S.⁶⁸; Etesami, S.M.⁶⁸; Khakzad, M.⁶⁸; Mohammadi Najafabadi, M.⁶⁸; Grunewald, M.⁶⁹; Abbrescia, M.^{70, 71}; Aly, R.^{70, 72}; Colaleo, A.^{70, 71}; Creanza, D.^{70, 72}; D'Anzi, B.^{70, 71}; De Filippis, N.^{70, 72}; De Palma, M.^{70, 71}; Di Florio, A.^{70, 72}; Elmetenawee, W.^{70, 71}; Fiore, L.⁷⁰; Iaselli, G.^{70, 72}; Louka, M.^{70, 71}; Maggi, G.^{70, 72}; Maggi, M.⁷⁰; Margjeka, I.^{70, 71}; Mastrapasqua, V.^{70, 71}; My, S.^{70, 71}; Nuzzo, S.^{70, 71}; Pellecchia, A.^{70, 71}; Pompili, A.^{70, 71}; Pugliese, G.^{70, 72}; Radogna, R.⁷⁰; Ramirez-Sanchez, G.^{70, 72}; Ramos, D.⁷⁰; Ranieri, A.⁷⁰; Silvestris, L.⁷⁰; Simone, F.M.^{70, 71}; Sözbilir, Ü.⁷⁰; Stamerra, A.⁷⁰; Venditti, R.⁷⁰; Verwilligen, P.⁷⁰; Zaza, A.^{70, 71}; Abbiendi, G.⁷³; Battilana, C.^{73, 74}; Bonacorsi, D.^{73, 74}; Borgonovi, L.⁷³; Campanini, R.^{73, 74}; Capiluppi, P.^{73, 74}; Castro, A.^{73, 74}; Cavallo, F.R.⁷³; Cuffiani, M.^{73, 74}; Dallavalle, G.M.⁷³; Diotalevi, T.^{73, 74}; Fabbri, F.⁷³; Fasanella, D.^{73, 74}; Giacomelli, P.⁷³; Giommi, L.^{73, 74}; Grandi, C.⁷³; Guiducci, L.^{73, 74}; Lo Meo, S.⁷³; Lunerti, L.^{73, 74}; Marcellini, S.⁷³; Masetti, G.⁷³; Navarria, F.L.^{73, 74}; Perrotta, A.⁷³; Primavera, F.^{73, 74}; Rossi, A.M.^{73, 74}; Rovelli, T.^{73, 74}; Siroli, G.P.^{73, 74}; Costa, S.^{75, 76}; 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Karunarathna, N.¹⁸⁴; Lee, L.²⁰¹; Nibigira, E.¹⁸⁴; Spanier, S.¹⁸⁴; Aebi, D.²⁰²; Ahmad, M.²⁰²; Bouhali, O.²⁰²; Eusebi, R.²⁰²; Gilmore, J.²⁰²; Huang, T.²⁰²; Kamon, T.²⁰²; Kim, H.²⁰²; Luo, S.²⁰²; Mueller, R.²⁰²; Overton, D.²⁰²; Rathjens, D.²⁰²; Safonov, A.²⁰²; Akchurin, N.²⁰¹; Damgov, J.²⁰¹; Hegde, V.²⁰¹; Hussain, A.²⁰¹; Kazhykarim, Y.²⁰¹; Lamichhane, K.²⁰¹; Lee, S.W.; Mankel, A.²⁰¹; Peltola, T.²⁰¹; Volobouev, I.²⁰¹; Appelt, E.²⁰³; Chen, Y.²⁰³; Greene, S.²⁰³; Gurrola, A.²⁰³; Johns, W.²⁰³; Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, R.²⁰³; Melo, A.²⁰³; Romeo, F.²⁰³; Sheldon, P.²⁰³; Tuo, S.²⁰³; Velkovska, J.²⁰³; Viinikainen, J.²⁰³; Cardwell, B.²⁰⁴; Cox, B.²⁰⁴; Hakala, J.²⁰⁴; Hirosky, R.²⁰⁴; Ledovskoy, A.²⁰⁴; Neu, C.²⁰⁴; Perez Lara, C.E.²⁰⁴; Karchin, P.E.²⁰⁵; Aravind, A.²⁰⁶; Banerjee, S.²⁰⁶; Black, K.²⁰⁶; Bose, T.²⁰⁶; Dasu, S.²⁰⁶; De Bruyn, I.²⁰⁶; Everaerts, P.²⁰⁶; Galloni, C.²⁰⁶; He, H.²⁰⁶; Herndon, M.²⁰⁶; Herve, A.²⁰⁶; Koraka, C.K.²⁰⁶; Lanaro, A.²⁰⁶; Loveless, R.²⁰⁶; Madhusudanan Sreekala, J.²⁰⁶; Mallampalli, A.²⁰⁶; Mohammadi, A.²⁰⁶; Mondal, S.²⁰⁶; Parida, G.²⁰⁶; Pétré, L.²⁰⁶; Pinna, D.²⁰⁶; Savin, A.²⁰⁶; Shang, V.²⁰⁶; Sharma, V.²⁰⁶; Smith, W.H.²⁰⁶; Teague, D.²⁰⁶; Tsoi, H.F.²⁰⁶; Vetens, W.²⁰⁶; Warden, A.²⁰⁶; Afanasiev, S.²⁰⁷; Andreev, V.²⁰⁷; Andreev, Yu.²⁰⁷; Aushev, T.²⁰⁷; Azarkin, M.²⁰⁷; Azhgirey, I.²⁰⁷; Babaev, A.²⁰⁷; Belyaev, A.²⁰⁷; Blinov, V.²⁰⁷; Boos, E.²⁰⁷; Borshch, V.²⁰⁷; Budkouski, D.²⁰⁷; Chadeeva, M.²⁰⁷; Chekhovsky, V.²⁰⁷; Chistov, R.²⁰⁷; Demiyanov, A.²⁰⁷; Dermenev, A.²⁰⁷; Dimova, T.²⁰⁷; Druzhkin, D.²⁰⁷; Ershov, A.²⁰⁷; Gavrilov, G.²⁰⁷; Gavrilov, V.²⁰⁷; Gninenko, S.²⁰⁷; Golovtcov, V.²⁰⁷; Golubev, N.²⁰⁷; Golutvin, I.²⁰⁷; Gorbunov, I.²⁰⁷; Gribushin, A.²⁰⁷; Ivanov, Y.²⁰⁷; Kachanov, V.²⁰⁷; Karjavine, V.²⁰⁷; Karneyeu, A.²⁰⁷; Khein, L.²⁰⁷; Kim, V.²⁰⁷; Kirakosyan, M.²⁰⁷; Kirpichnikov, D.²⁰⁷; Kirsanov, M.²⁰⁷; Kodolova, O.²⁰⁷; Konstantinov, D.²⁰⁷; Korenkov, V.²⁰⁷; Korotkikh, V.²⁰⁷; Kozyrev, A.²⁰⁷; Krasnikov, N.²⁰⁷; Lanev, A.²⁰⁷; Levchenko, P.²⁰⁷; Lychkovskaya, N.²⁰⁷; Makarenko, V.²⁰⁷; Malakhov, A.²⁰⁷; 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1. Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
2. Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Vienna, Austria
3. Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium
4. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
5. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
6. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
7. Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
8. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
9. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
10. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
11. Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
12. University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
13. Instituto De Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7 D, Arica, Chile
14. Beihang University, Beijing, China
15. Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
16. Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
17. State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
18. Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
19. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
20. Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
21. Institute of Modern Physics and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE) - Fudan University, Shanghai, China
22. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
23. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
24. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
25. University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Split, Croatia
26. University of Split, Faculty of Science, Split, Croatia
27. Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia
28. University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
29. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
30. Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
31. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
32. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics, Cairo, Egypt
33. Center for High Energy Physics (CHEP-FU), Fayoum University, El-Fayoum, Egypt
34. National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
35. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
36. Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
37. Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
38. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
39. Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
40. Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
41. Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I ), Villeurbanne, France
42. Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
43. RWTH Aachen University, I. Physikalisches Institut, Aachen, Germany
44. RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
45. RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut B, Aachen, Germany
46. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
47. University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
48. Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
49. Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPP), NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
50. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
51. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
52. University of Ioánnina, Ioánnina, Greece
53. HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
54. MTA-ELTE Lendület CMS Particle and Nuclear Physics Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
55. Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
56. Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
57. Karoly Robert Campus, MATE Institute of Technology, Gyongyos, Hungary
58. Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
59. University of Delhi, Delhi, India
60. Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Madras, India
61. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, Kolkata, India
62. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
63. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-A, Mumbai, India
64. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-B, Mumbai, India
65. National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
66. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
67. Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
68. Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
69. University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
70. INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
71. Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
72. Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
73. INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
74. Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
75. INFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
76. Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
77. INFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
78. Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
79. INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
80. INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
81. Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
82. INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
83. Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
84. INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
85. Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
86. Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
87. INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
88. Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
89. INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
90. Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
91. INFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
92. Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
93. INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
94. Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
95. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
96. Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
97. INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
98. Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
99. INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
100. Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
101. Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
102. INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
103. Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
104. Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
105. Department of Mathematics and Physics - GWNU, Gangneung, Korea
106. Chonnam National University, Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Kwangju, Korea
107. Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
108. Korea University, Seoul, Korea
109. Kyung Hee University, Department of Physics, Seoul, Korea
110. Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
111. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
112. University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
113. Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
114. Yonsei University, Department of Physics, Seoul, Korea
115. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
116. College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East (AUM), Dasman, Kuwait
117. Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
118. University of Latvia (LU), Riga, Latvia
119. Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
120. National Centre for Particle Physics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
121. Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Hermosillo, Mexico
122. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
123. Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
124. Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
125. University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
126. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
127. National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
128. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, Krakow, Poland
129. National Centre for Nuclear Research, Swierk, Poland
130. Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
131. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
132. Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, Lisboa, Portugal
133. Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
134. VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
135. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
136. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
137. Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Oviedo, Spain
138. Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
139. University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
140. University of Ruhuna, Department of Physics, Matara, Sri Lanka
141. CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
142. Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
143. ETH Zurich - Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics (IPA), Zurich, Switzerland
144. Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
145. National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
146. National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
147. High Energy Physics Research Unit, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
148. Çukurova University, Physics Department, Science and Art Faculty, Adana, Turkey
149. Middle East Technical University, Physics Department, Ankara, Turkey
150. Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
151. Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
152. Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
153. Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
154. Institute for Scintillation Materials of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
155. National Science Centre, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
156. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
157. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
158. Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
159. Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
160. Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
161. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
162. The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
163. Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
164. Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
165. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
166. University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
167. University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
168. University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA, Chicago, USA
169. University of California, Santa Barbara - Department of Physics, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
170. California Institute of Technology
171. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA
172. University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
173. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
174. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
175. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
176. Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
177. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
178. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
179. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
180. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
181. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
182. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
183. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
184. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
185. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
186. University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
187. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
188. State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
189. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
190. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
191. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
192. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
193. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
194. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, USA
195. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
196. Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN, USA
197. Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
198. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
199. The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
200. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
201. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
202. Texas AM University, College Station, TX, USA
203. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
204. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
205. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
206. University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
207. Authors affiliated with an institute or an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN

Abstract

This Letter presents the first measurements of the groomed jet radius and the jet girth g in events with an isolated photon recoiling against a jet in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at the LHC at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The observables and g provide a quantitative measure of how narrow or broad a jet is. The analysis uses PbPb and pp data samples with integrated luminosities of and , respectively, collected with the CMS experiment in 2018 and 2017. Events are required to have a photon with transverse momentum and at least one jet back-to-back in azimuth with respect to the photon and with transverse momentum such that . The measured and g distributions are unfolded to the particle level, which facilitates the comparison between the PbPb and pp results and with theoretical predictions. It is found that jets with , i.e., those that closely balance the photon , are narrower in PbPb than in pp collisions. Relaxing the selection to include jets with reduces the narrowing of the angular structure of jets in PbPb relative to the pp reference. This shows that selection bias effects associated with jet energy loss play an important role in the interpretation of jet substructure measurements.

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Acknowledgement

We thank Daniel Pablos and Krishna Rajagopal for providing their theoretical calculations of the groomed jet radius and jet girth adapted with the selection requirements used in this analysis.

We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); Minciencias (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG, RVTT3 and MoER TK202 (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LMTLT (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MoSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).

Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the “Excellence of Science – EOS” – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 “Quantum Universe” – 390833306, and under project number 400140256 - GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program - ÚNKP, the NKFIH research grants K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC – National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR – Future Artificial Intelligence Research, funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF “a way of making Europe”, and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B37G660013 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

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