Strong ULVZ and Slab Interaction at the Northeastern Edge of the Pacific LLSVP Favors Plume Generation

Strong waveform complexities, including multipathing of the S diffracted phase and rapid changes in differential ScS-S times, are observed for multiple deep Fiji earthquakes recorded at the USArray. The complexities occur at the northeastern edge of the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province (LLSVP), about 12 degrees southeast of present-day Hawaiʻi. Waveform modeling of the multipathing provides good constraints on an ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) with a width of 5 degree located near the inner edge of the LLSVP. Based on the mineralogical-modeling of the ULVZ as a solid iron-rich magnesiowüstite-bearing assemblage with compatible morphology predicted from geodynamical simulations, a ULVZ model with a thickness of 30 km and a shear wave velocity reduction of 18% is preferred. The rapid change in differential ScS-S travel time is best explained by having both the aforementioned ULVZ and an adjacent high velocity structure near the LLSVP. Furthermore, a low-velocity plume-like structure could potentially explain the observed S travel time delay independent of ScS. These seismic features are proposed to be a ULVZ driven toward the edge of the LLSVP while potentially pushed by a subducted slab. This configuration may trigger plume generation due to strong thermal instabilities and is in the same vicinity where mantle flow models place the present-day Hawaiian plume source. Multiple ScS can potentially be used to verify vertical plume structure in tomographic models but the accuracy of upper mantle structure, which is a key reflection point, needs to be considered.