CaltechAUTHORS
Published December 2025 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

CHEX-MATE: Towards a consistent universal pressure profile and cluster mass reconstruction

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology
  • 2. ROR icon University of Paris
  • 3. ROR icon French National Centre for Scientific Research
  • 4. ROR icon Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
  • 5. ROR icon Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano
  • 6. ROR icon University of Rome Tor Vergata
  • 7. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Roma II
  • 8. ROR icon Sapienza University of Rome
  • 9. ROR icon Michigan State University
  • 10. ROR icon University of Geneva
  • 11. INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, I-40129, Bologna, Italy
  • 12. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Bologna
  • 13. ROR icon University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
  • 14. ROR icon University of Bologna
  • 15. ROR icon Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
  • 16. ROR icon Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
  • 17. ROR icon University of Manchester
  • 18. ROR icon Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
  • 19. ROR icon Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  • 20. ROR icon University of Bristol
  • 21. ROR icon Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
  • 22. ROR icon INFN Sezione di Genova
  • 23. ROR icon Trieste Astronomical Observatory
  • 24. ROR icon Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
  • 25. ROR icon University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
  • 26. ROR icon California Institute of Technology

Abstract

In a self-similar paradigm of structure formation, the thermal pressure of the hot intra-cluster gas follows a universal distribution, once the profile of each cluster is normalised based on the proper mass and redshift dependencies. The reconstruction of such a universal pressure profile requires an individual estimate of the mass of each cluster. In this context, we present a method to jointly fit, for the first time, the universal pressure profile and individual cluster M500 masses over a sample of galaxy clusters, properly accounting for correlations between the profile shape and amplitude, and masses that scale the individual profiles. We demonstrate the power of the method and show that a consistent exploitation of the universal pressure profile and cluster mass estimates when modelling the thermal pressure in clusters is necessary to avoid biases. In particular, the method, informed by a cluster mass scale, outputs individual cluster masses with the same accuracy and greater precision than input masses. Using data from the Cluster HEritage project with XMM-Newton: Mass Assembly and Thermodynamics at the Endpoint of structure formation (CHEX-MATE), we investigate a sample of ∼25 galaxy clusters spanning mass and redshift ranges of 2 ≲ M500/1014 M⊙ ≲ 14 and 0.07 < z < 0.6.

Copyright and License

© The Authors 2025. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

Authors acknowledge the support of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under grant ANR-22-CE31-0010, and the support of the French National Space Agency (CNES). This research was supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team project #565 (Multi-Wavelength Studies of the Culmination of Structure Formation in the Universe). S.E., M.S., M.R., H.B., F.D.L., and P.M. acknowledge the financial contribution from the contracts Prin-MUR 2022 supported by Next Generation EU (M4.C2.1.1, n.20227RNLY3 The concordance cosmological model: stress-tests with galaxy clusters). M.S. acknowledges the financial contributions from contract INAF mainstream project 1.05.01.86.10, INAF Theory Grant 2023: Gravitational lensing detection of matter distribution at galaxy cluster boundaries and beyond (1.05.23.06.17). S.E., M.R. acknowledge the financial contribution from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme under the AHEAD2020 project (grant agreement n. 871158). M.D. acknowledges the support of two NASA programs: NASA award 80NSSC19K0116/ SAO SV9-89010 and NASA award 80NSSC22K0476. L.L. acknowledges the financial contribution from the INAF grant 1.05.12.04.01. B.J.M. acknowledges support from STFC grant ST/V000454/1. M.D.P. acknowledges financial support from PRIN-MUR grant 20228B938N ‘Mass and selection biases of galaxy clusters: a multi-probe approach’ funded by the European Union Next generation EU, Mission 4 Component 1 CUP C53D2300092 0006. H.S. acknowledges support by NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (ADAP) Grant 80NSSC21K1571. H.B., F.D.L., and P.M. acknowledge support by the Fondazione ICSC, Spoke 3 Astrophysics and Cosmos Observations. National Recovery and Resilience Plan (Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza, PNRR) Project ID CN_00000013 ’Italian Research Center on High-Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing’ funded by MUR Missione 4 Componente 2 Investimento 1.4: Potenziamento strutture di ricerca e creazione di ’campioni nazionali di R&S (M4C2-19)’ - Next Generation EU (NGEU), by INFN through the InDark initiative. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2019R1A6A1A10073887). M.G. acknowledges support from the ERC Consolidator Grant BlackHoleWeather (101086804). G.W.P. acknowledges long-term support from CNES, the French Space Agency.

Files

aa56045-25.pdf

Files (5.5 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:3c641216f428a58eac2883ed6c4d3cdb
5.5 MB Preview Download

Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2510.18578 (arXiv)

Funding

Agence Nationale de la Recherche
ANR-22-CE31-0010
Centre National d'Études Spatiales
International Space Science Institute
565
European Union
20227RNLY3
National Institute for Astrophysics
1.05.01.86.10
National Institute for Astrophysics
1.05.23.06.17
European Union
AHEAD2020 871158
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC19K0116
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
SV9-89010
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC22K0476
National Institute for Astrophysics
1.05.12.04.01
Science and Technology Facilities Council
ST/V000454/1
Ministero dell'università e della ricerca
PRIN-MUR 20228B938N
European Union
1 CUP C53D2300092 0006
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
80NSSC21K1571
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
National Research Foundation of Korea
2019R1A6A1A10073887
European Research Council
BlackHoleWeather 101086804

Dates

Submitted
2025-06-20
Accepted
2025-10-17
Available
2025-12-18
Published online

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status
Published