arXiv:1810.02764v1 [astro-ph.HE] 5 Oct 2018
Draft version October 8, 2018
Typeset using L
A
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twocolumn
style in AASTeX61
A
Fermi
GAMMA-RAY BURST MONITOR SEARCH FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL
S COINCIDENT
WITH GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE CANDIDATES IN ADVANCED LIGO’S FIRS
T OBSERVING RUN
E. Burns,
1
A. Goldstein,
2
C. M. Hui,
3
L. Blackburn,
4, 5
M. S. Briggs,
6,7
V. Connaughton,
2
R. Hamburg,
6,7
D. Kocevski,
3
P. Veres,
7
C. A. Wilson-Hodge,
3
E. Bissaldi,
8,9
W. H. Cleveland,
2
M. M. Giles,
10
B. Mailyan,
7
C. A. Meegan,
7
W. A. Paciesas,
2
S. Poolakkil,
6,7
R. D. Preece,
6
J. L. Racusin,
1
O. J. Roberts,
2
and
A. von Kienlin
11
Fermi
Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor
B. P. Abbott,
12
R. Abbott,
12
T. D. Abbott,
13
F. Acernese,
14,15
K. Ackley,
16
C. Adams,
17
T. Adams,
18
P. Addesso,
19
R. X. Adhikari,
12
V. B. Adya,
20, 21
C. Affeldt,
20, 21
B. Agarwal,
22
M. Agathos,
23
K. Agatsuma,
24
N. Aggarwal,
5
O. D. Aguiar,
25
L. Aiello,
26, 27
A. Ain,
28
P. Ajith,
29
B. Allen,
20,30,21
G. Allen,
22
A. Allocca,
31,32
M. A. Aloy,
33
P. A. Altin,
34
A. Amato,
35
A. Ananyeva,
12
S. B. Anderson,
12
W. G. Anderson,
30
S. V. Angelova,
36
S. Antier,
37
S. Appert,
12
K. Arai,
12
M. C. Araya,
12
J. S. Areeda,
38
M. Ar
`
ene,
39
N. Arnaud,
37,40
K. G. Arun,
41
S. Ascenzi,
42,43
G. Ashton,
16
M. Ast,
44
S. M. Aston,
17
P. Astone,
45
D. V. Atallah,
46
F. Aubin,
18
P. Aufmuth,
21
C. Aulbert,
20
K. AultONeal,
47
C. Austin,
13
A. Avila-Alvarez,
38
S. Babak,
48,39
P. Bacon,
39
F. Badaracco,
26, 27
M. K. M. Bader,
24
S. Bae,
49
P. T. Baker,
50
F. Baldaccini,
51,52
G. Ballardin,
40
S. W. Ballmer,
53
S. Banagiri,
54
J. C. Barayoga,
12
S. E. Barclay,
55
B. C. Barish,
12
D. Barker,
56
K. Barkett,
57
S. Barnum,
5
F. Barone,
14,15
B. Barr,
55
L. Barsotti,
5
M. Barsuglia,
39
D. Barta,
58
J. Bartlett,
56
I. Bartos,
59
R. Bassiri,
60
A. Basti,
31,32
J. C. Batch,
56
M. Bawaj,
61,52
J. C. Bayley,
55
M. Bazzan,
62,63
B. B
́
ecsy,
64
C. Beer,
20
M. Bejger,
65
I. Belahcene,
37
A. S. Bell,
55
D. Beniwal,
66
M. Bensch,
20,21
B. K. Berger,
12
G. Bergmann,
20,21
S. Bernuzzi,
67,68
J. J. Bero,
69
C. P. L. Berry,
70
D. Bersanetti,
71
A. Bertolini,
24
J. Betzwieser,
17
R. Bhandare,
72
I. A. Bilenko,
73
S. A. Bilgili,
50
G. Billingsley,
12
C. R. Billman,
59
J. Birch,
17
R. Birney,
36
O. Birnholtz,
69
S. Biscans,
12,5
S. Biscoveanu,
16
A. Bisht,
20,21
M. Bitossi,
40, 32
M. A. Bizouard,
37
J. K. Blackburn,
12
J. Blackman,
57
C. D. Blair,
17
D. G. Blair,
74
R. M. Blair,
56
S. Bloemen,
75
O. Bock,
20
N. Bode,
20, 21
M. Boer,
76
Y. Boetzel,
77
G. Bogaert,
76
A. Bohe,
48
F. Bondu,
78
E. Bonilla,
60
R. Bonnand,
18
P. Booker,
20,21
B. A. Boom,
24
C. D. Booth,
46
R. Bork,
12
V. Boschi,
40
S. Bose,
79,28
K. Bossie,
17
V. Bossilkov,
74
J. Bosveld,
74
Y. Bouffanais,
39
A. Bozzi,
40
C. Bradaschia,
32
P. R. Brady,
30
A. Bramley,
17
M. Branchesi,
26,27
J. E. Brau,
80
T. Briant,
81
F. Brighenti,
82,83
A. Brillet,
76
M. Brinkmann,
20,21
V. Brisson,
37,
∗
P. Brockill,
30
A. F. Brooks,
12
D. D. Brown,
66
S. Brunett,
12
C. C. Buchanan,
13
A. Buikema,
5
T. Bulik,
84
H. J. Bulten,
85,24
A. Buonanno,
48,86
D. Buskulic,
18
C. Buy,
39
R. L. Byer,
60
M. Cabero,
20
L. Cadonati,
87
G. Cagnoli,
35,88
C. Cahillane,
12
J. Calder
́
on Bustillo,
87
T. A. Callister,
12
E. Calloni,
89,15
J. B. Camp,
1
M. Canepa,
90,71
P. Canizares,
75
K. C. Cannon,
91
H. Cao,
66
J. Cao,
92
C. D. Capano,
20
E. Capocasa,
39
F. Carbognani,
40
S. Caride,
93
M. F. Carney,
94
J. Casanueva Diaz,
32
C. Casentini,
42,43
S. Caudill,
24,30
M. Cavagli
`
a,
95
F. Cavalier,
37
R. Cavalieri,
40
G. Cella,
32
C. B. Cepeda,
12
P. Cerd
́
a-Dur
́
an,
33
G. Cerretani,
31,32
E. Cesarini,
96,43
O. Chaibi,
76
S. J. Chamberlin,
97
M. Chan,
55
S. Chao,
98
P. Charlton,
99
E. Chase,
100
E. Chassande-Mottin,
39
D. Chatterjee,
30
B. D. Cheeseboro,
50
H. Y. Chen,
101
X. Chen,
74
Y. Chen,
57
H.-P. Cheng,
59
H. Y. Chia,
59
A. Chincarini,
71
A. Chiummo,
40
T. Chmiel,
94
H. S. Cho,
102
M. Cho,
86
J. H. Chow,
34
N. Christensen,
103,76
Q. Chu,
74
A. J. K. Chua,
57
S. Chua,
81
K. W. Chung,
104
S. Chung,
74
G. Ciani,
62,63, 59
A. A. Ciobanu,
66
R. Ciolfi,
105,106
F. Cipriano,
76
C. E. Cirelli,
60
A. Cirone,
90,71
F. Clara,
56
J. A. Clark,
87
P. Clearwater,
107
F. Cleva,
76
C. Cocchieri,
95
E. Coccia,
26,27
P.-F. Cohadon,
81
D. Cohen,
37
A. Colla,
108,45
C. G. Collette,
109
C. Collins,
70
L. R. Cominsky,
110
M. Constancio Jr.,
25
L. Conti,
63
S. J. Cooper,
70
P. Corban,
17
T. R. Corbitt,
13
I. Cordero-Carri
́
on,
111
K. R. Corley,
112
N. Cornish,
113
A. Corsi,
93
S. Cortese,
40
C. A. Costa,
25
R. Cotesta,
48
M. W. Coughlin,
12
S. B. Coughlin,
46,100
J.-P. Coulon,
76
S. T. Countryman,
112
P. Couvares,
12
P. B. Covas,
114
E. E. Cowan,
87
D. M. Coward,
74
M. J. Cowart,
17
D. C. Coyne,
12
R. Coyne,
115
J. D. E. Creighton,
30
T. D. Creighton,
116
J. Cripe,
13
S. G. Crowder,
117
T. J. Cullen,
13
A. Cumming,
55
L. Cunningham,
55
E. Cuoco,
40
T. Dal Canton,
1
G. D
́
alya,
64
S. L. Danilishin,
21,20
S. D’Antonio,
43
K. Danzmann,
20,21
A. Dasgupta,
118
C. F. Da Silva Costa,
59
V. Dattilo,
40
I. Dave,
72
M. Davier,
37
D. Davis,
53
E. J. Daw,
119
B. Day,
87
D. DeBra,
60
M. Deenadayalan,
28
J. Degallaix,
35
M. De Laurentis,
89,15
S. Del
́
eglise,
81
W. Del Pozzo,
31,32
N. Demos,
5
T. Denker,
20,21
T. Dent,
20
R. De Pietri,
67,68
J. Derby,
38
V. Dergachev,
20
R. De Rosa,
89,15
C. De Rossi,
35,40
R. DeSalvo,
120
O. de Varona,
20,21
S. Dhurandhar,
28
M. C. D
́
ıaz,
116
L. Di Fiore,
15
M. Di Giovanni,
121,106
T. Di Girolamo,
89,15
A. Di Lieto,
31, 32
B. Ding,
109
S. Di Pace,
108,45
I. Di Palma,
108,45
F. Di Renzo,
31,32
A. Dmitriev,
70
Z. Doctor,
101
V. Dolique,
35
F. Donovan,
5
K. L. Dooley,
46, 95
S. Doravari,
20,21
I. Dorrington,
46
M. Dovale
́
Alvarez,
70
T. P. Downes,
30
M. Drago,
20,26,27
C. Dreissigacker,
20,21
J. C. Driggers,
56
Z. Du,
92
P. Dupej,
55
S. E. Dwyer,
56
P. J. Easter,
16
T. B. Edo,
119
M. C. Edwards,
103
A. Effler,
17
H.-B. Eggenstein,
20, 21
P. Ehrens,
12
J. Eichholz,
12
S. S. Eikenberry,
59
2
M. Eisenmann,
18
R. A. Eisenstein,
5
R. C. Essick,
101
H. Estelles,
114
D. Estevez,
18
Z. B. Etienne,
50
T. Etzel,
12
M. Evans,
5
T. M. Evans,
17
V. Fafone,
42,43,26
H. Fair,
53
S. Fairhurst,
46
X. Fan,
92
S. Farinon,
71
B. Farr,
80
W. M. Farr,
70
E. J. Fauchon-Jones,
46
M. Favata,
122
M. Fays,
46
C. Fee,
94
H. Fehrmann,
20
J. Feicht,
12
M. M. Fejer,
60
F. Feng,
39
A. Fernandez-Galiana,
5
I. Ferrante,
31, 32
E. C. Ferreira,
25
F. Ferrini,
40
F. Fidecaro,
31,32
I. Fiori,
40
D. Fiorucci,
39
M. Fishbach,
101
R. P. Fisher,
53
J. M. Fishner,
5
M. Fitz-Axen,
54
R. Flaminio,
18, 123
M. Fletcher,
55
H. Fong,
124
J. A. Font,
33,125
P. W. F. Forsyth,
34
S. S. Forsyth,
87
J.-D. Fournier,
76
S. Frasca,
108,45
F. Frasconi,
32
Z. Frei,
64
A. Freise,
70
R. Frey,
80
V. Frey,
37
P. Fritschel,
5
V. V. Frolov,
17
P. Fulda,
59
M. Fyffe,
17
H. A. Gabbard,
55
B. U. Gadre,
28
S. M. Gaebel,
70
J. R. Gair,
126
L. Gammaitoni,
51
M. R. Ganija,
66
S. G. Gaonkar,
28
A. Garcia,
38
C. Garc
́
ıa-Quir
́
os,
114
F. Garufi,
89,15
B. Gateley,
56
S. Gaudio,
47
G. Gaur,
127
V. Gayathri,
128
G. Gemme,
71
E. Genin,
40
A. Gennai,
32
D. George,
22
J. George,
72
L. Gergely,
129
V. Germain,
18
S. Ghonge,
87
Abhirup Ghosh,
29
Archisman Ghosh,
24
S. Ghosh,
30
B. Giacomazzo,
121,106
J. A. Giaime,
13,17
K. D. Giardina,
17
A. Giazotto,
32,
†
K. Gill,
47
G. Giordano,
14, 15
L. Glover,
120
E. Goetz,
56
R. Goetz,
59
B. Goncharov,
16
G. Gonz
́
alez,
13
J. M. Gonzalez Castro,
31,32
A. Gopakumar,
130
M. L. Gorodetsky,
73
S. E. Gossan,
12
M. Gosselin,
40
R. Gouaty,
18
A. Grado,
131,15
C. Graef,
55
M. Granata,
35
A. Grant,
55
S. Gras,
5
C. Gray,
56
G. Greco,
82, 83
A. C. Green,
70
R. Green,
46
E. M. Gretarsson,
47
P. Groot,
75
H. Grote,
46
S. Grunewald,
48
P. Gruning,
37
G. M. Guidi,
82,83
H. K. Gulati,
118
X. Guo,
92
A. Gupta,
97
M. K. Gupta,
118
K. E. Gushwa,
12
E. K. Gustafson,
12
R. Gustafson,
132
O. Halim,
27,26
B. R. Hall,
79
E. D. Hall,
5
E. Z. Hamilton,
46
H. F. Hamilton,
133
G. Hammond,
55
M. Haney,
77
M. M. Hanke,
20,21
J. Hanks,
56
C. Hanna,
97
M. D. Hannam,
46
O. A. Hannuksela,
104
J. Hanson,
17
T. Hardwick,
13
J. Harms,
26,27
G. M. Harry,
134
I. W. Harry,
48
M. J. Hart,
55
C.-J. Haster,
124
K. Haughian,
55
J. Healy,
69
A. Heidmann,
81
M. C. Heintze,
17
H. Heitmann,
76
P. Hello,
37
G. Hemming,
40
M. Hendry,
55
I. S. Heng,
55
J. Hennig,
55
A. W. Heptonstall,
12
F. J. Hernandez,
16
M. Heurs,
20,21
S. Hild,
55
T. Hinderer,
75
D. Hoak,
40
S. Hochheim,
20,21
D. Hofman,
35
N. A. Holland,
34
K. Holt,
17
D. E. Holz,
101
P. Hopkins,
46
C. Horst,
30
J. Hough,
55
E. A. Houston,
55
E. J. Howell,
74
A. Hreibi,
76
E. A. Huerta,
22
D. Huet,
37
B. Hughey,
47
M. Hulko,
12
S. Husa,
114
S. H. Huttner,
55
T. Huynh-Dinh,
17
A. Iess,
42,43
N. Indik,
20
C. Ingram,
66
R. Inta,
93
G. Intini,
108,45
H. N. Isa,
55
J.-M. Isac,
81
M. Isi,
12
B. R. Iyer,
29
K. Izumi,
56
T. Jacqmin,
81
K. Jani,
87
P. Jaranowski,
135
D. S. Johnson,
22
W. W. Johnson,
13
D. I. Jones,
136
R. Jones,
55
R. J. G. Jonker,
24
L. Ju,
74
J. Junker,
20,21
C. V. Kalaghatgi,
46
V. Kalogera,
100
B. Kamai,
12
S. Kandhasamy,
17
G. Kang,
49
J. B. Kanner,
12
S. J. Kapadia,
30
S. Karki,
80
K. S. Karvinen,
20,21
M. Kasprzack,
13
M. Katolik,
22
S. Katsanevas,
40
E. Katsavounidis,
5
W. Katzman,
17
S. Kaufer,
20,21
K. Kawabe,
56
N. V. Keerthana,
28
F. K
́
ef
́
elian,
76
D. Keitel,
55
A. J. Kemball,
22
R. Kennedy,
119
J. S. Key,
137
F. Y. Khalili,
73
B. Khamesra,
87
H. Khan,
38
I. Khan,
26,43
S. Khan,
20
Z. Khan,
118
E. A. Khazanov,
138
N. Kijbunchoo,
34
Chunglee Kim,
139
J. C. Kim,
140
K. Kim,
104
W. Kim,
66
W. S. Kim,
141
Y.-M. Kim,
142
E. J. King,
66
P. J. King,
56
M. Kinley-Hanlon,
134
R. Kirchhoff,
20,21
J. S. Kissel,
56
L. Kleybolte,
44
S. Klimenko,
59
T. D. Knowles,
50
P. Koch,
20,21
S. M. Koehlenbeck,
20,21
S. Koley,
24
V. Kondrashov,
12
A. Kontos,
5
M. Korobko,
44
W. Z. Korth,
12
I. Kowalska,
84
D. B. Kozak,
12
C. Kr
̈
amer,
20
V. Kringel,
20,21
B. Krishnan,
20
A. Kr
́
olak,
143,144
G. Kuehn,
20,21
P. Kumar,
145
R. Kumar,
118
S. Kumar,
29
L. Kuo,
98
A. Kutynia,
143
S. Kwang,
30
B. D. Lackey,
48
K. H. Lai,
104
M. Landry,
56
R. N. Lang,
146
J. Lange,
69
B. Lantz,
60
R. K. Lanza,
5
A. Lartaux-Vollard,
37
P. D. Lasky,
16
M. Laxen,
17
A. Lazzarini,
12
C. Lazzaro,
63
P. Leaci,
108,45
S. Leavey,
20,21
C. H. Lee,
102
H. K. Lee,
147
H. M. Lee,
139
H. W. Lee,
140
K. Lee,
55
J. Lehmann,
20,21
A. Lenon,
50
M. Leonardi,
20,21, 123
N. Leroy,
37
N. Letendre,
18
Y. Levin,
16
J. Li,
92
T. G. F. Li,
104
X. Li,
57
S. D. Linker,
120
T. B. Littenberg,
148
J. Liu,
74
X. Liu,
30
R. K. L. Lo,
104
N. A. Lockerbie,
36
L. T. London,
46
A. Longo,
149,150
M. Lorenzini,
26,27
V. Loriette,
151
M. Lormand,
17
G. Losurdo,
32
J. D. Lough,
20,21
C. O. Lousto,
69
G. Lovelace,
38
H. L
̈
uck,
20,21
D. Lumaca,
42,43
A. P. Lundgren,
20
R. Lynch,
5
Y. Ma,
57
R. Macas,
46
S. Macfoy,
36
B. Machenschalk,
20
M. MacInnis,
5
D. M. Macleod,
46
I. Maga
̃
na Hernandez,
30
F. Maga
̃
na-Sandoval,
53
L. Maga
̃
na Zertuche,
95
R. M. Magee,
97
E. Majorana,
45
I. Maksimovic,
151
N. Man,
76
V. Mandic,
54
V. Mangano,
55
G. L. Mansell,
34
M. Manske,
30,34
M. Mantovani,
40
F. Marchesoni,
61,52
F. Marion,
18
S. M
́
arka,
112
Z. M
́
arka,
112
C. Markakis,
22
A. S. Markosyan,
60
A. Markowitz,
12
E. Maros,
12
A. Marquina,
111
F. Martelli,
82,83
L. Martellini,
76
I. W. Martin,
55
R. M. Martin,
122
D. V. Martynov,
5
K. Mason,
5
E. Massera,
119
A. Masserot,
18
T. J. Massinger,
12
M. Masso-Reid,
55
S. Mastrogiovanni,
108,45
A. Matas,
54
F. Matichard,
12,5
L. Matone,
112
N. Mavalvala,
5
N. Mazumder,
79
J. J. McCann,
74
R. McCarthy,
56
D. E. McClelland,
34
S. McCormick,
17
L. McCuller,
5
S. C. McGuire,
152
J. McIver,
12
D. J. McManus,
34
T. McRae,
34
S. T. McWilliams,
50
D. Meacher,
97
G. D. Meadors,
16
M. Mehmet,
20, 21
J. Meidam,
24
E. Mejuto-Villa,
19
A. Melatos,
107
G. Mendell,
56
D. Mendoza-Gandara,
20, 21
R. A. Mercer,
30
L. Mereni,
35
E. L. Merilh,
56
M. Merzougui,
76
S. Meshkov,
12
C. Messenger,
55
C. Messick,
97
R. Metzdorff,
81
P. M. Meyers,
54
H. Miao,
70
C. Michel,
35
H. Middleton,
107
E. E. Mikhailov,
153
L. Milano,
89,15
A. L. Miller,
59
A. Miller,
108,45
B. B. Miller,
100
J. Miller,
5
M. Millhouse,
113
J. Mills,
46
M. C. Milovich-Goff,
120
O. Minazzoli,
76,154
Y. Minenkov,
43
J. Ming,
20,21
C. Mishra,
155
S. Mitra,
28
V. P. Mitrofanov,
73
G. Mitselmakher,
59
R. Mittleman,
5
D. Moffa,
94
K. Mogushi,
95
M. Mohan,
40
S. R. P. Mohapatra,
5
M. Montani,
82,83
C. J. Moore,
23
D. Moraru,
56
G. Moreno,
56
S. Morisaki,
91
B. Mours,
18
C. M. Mow-Lowry,
70
G. Mueller,
59
A. W. Muir,
46
Arunava Mukherjee,
20,21
D. Mukherjee,
30
S. Mukherjee,
116
N. Mukund,
28
A. Mullavey,
17
J. Munch,
66
E. A. Mu
̃
niz,
53
M. Muratore,
47
P. G. Murray,
55
A. Nagar,
96,156,157
3
K. Napier,
87
I. Nardecchia,
42,43
L. Naticchioni,
108,45
R. K. Nayak,
158
J. Neilson,
120
G. Nelemans,
75,24
T. J. N. Nelson,
17
M. Nery,
20,21
A. Neunzert,
132
L. Nevin,
12
J. M. Newport,
134
K. Y. Ng,
5
S. Ng,
66
P. Nguyen,
80
T. T. Nguyen,
34
D. Nichols,
75
A. B. Nielsen,
20
S. Nissanke,
75,24
A. Nitz,
20
F. Nocera,
40
D. Nolting,
17
C. North,
46
L. K. Nuttall,
46
M. Obergaulinger,
33
J. Oberling,
56
B. D. O’Brien,
59
G. D. O’Dea,
120
G. H. Ogin,
159
J. J. Oh,
141
S. H. Oh,
141
F. Ohme,
20
H. Ohta,
91
M. A. Okada,
25
M. Oliver,
114
P. Oppermann,
20,21
Richard J. Oram,
17
B. O’Reilly,
17
R. Ormiston,
54
L. F. Ortega,
59
R. O’Shaughnessy,
69
S. Ossokine,
48
D. J. Ottaway,
66
H. Overmier,
17
B. J. Owen,
93
A. E. Pace,
97
G. Pagano,
31,32
J. Page,
148
M. A. Page,
74
A. Pai,
128
S. A. Pai,
72
J. R. Palamos,
80
O. Palashov,
138
C. Palomba,
45
A. Pal-Singh,
44
Howard Pan,
98
Huang-Wei Pan,
98
B. Pang,
57
P. T. H. Pang,
104
C. Pankow,
100
F. Pannarale,
46
B. C. Pant,
72
F. Paoletti,
32
A. Paoli,
40
M. A. Papa,
20,30,21
A. Parida,
28
W. Parker,
17
D. Pascucci,
55
A. Pasqualetti,
40
R. Passaquieti,
31, 32
D. Passuello,
32
M. Patil,
144
B. Patricelli,
160,32
B. L. Pearlstone,
55
C. Pedersen,
46
M. Pedraza,
12
R. Pedurand,
35, 161
L. Pekowsky,
53
A. Pele,
17
S. Penn,
162
C. J. Perez,
56
A. Perreca,
121,106
L. M. Perri,
100
H. P. Pfeiffer,
124,48
M. Phelps,
55
K. S. Phukon,
28
O. J. Piccinni,
108,45
M. Pichot,
76
F. Piergiovanni,
82,83
V. Pierro,
19
G. Pillant,
40
L. Pinard,
35
I. M. Pinto,
19
M. Pirello,
56
M. Pitkin,
55
R. Poggiani,
31, 32
P. Popolizio,
40
E. K. Porter,
39
L. Possenti,
163,83
A. Post,
20
J. Powell,
164
J. Prasad,
28
J. W. W. Pratt,
47
G. Pratten,
114
V. Predoi,
46
T. Prestegard,
30
M. Principe,
19
S. Privitera,
48
G. A. Prodi,
121,106
L. G. Prokhorov,
73
O. Puncken,
20,21
M. Punturo,
52
P. Puppo,
45
M. P
̈
urrer,
48
H. Qi,
30
V. Quetschke,
116
E. A. Quintero,
12
R. Quitzow-James,
80
F. J. Raab,
56
D. S. Rabeling,
34
H. Radkins,
56
P. Raffai,
64
S. Raja,
72
C. Rajan,
72
B. Rajbhandari,
93
M. Rakhmanov,
116
K. E. Ramirez,
116
A. Ramos-Buades,
114
Javed Rana,
28
P. Rapagnani,
108,45
V. Raymond,
46
M. Razzano,
31,32
J. Read,
38
T. Regimbau,
76,18
L. Rei,
71
S. Reid,
36
D. H. Reitze,
12,59
W. Ren,
22
F. Ricci,
108,45
P. M. Ricker,
22
K. Riles,
132
M. Rizzo,
69
N. A. Robertson,
12, 55
R. Robie,
55
F. Robinet,
37
T. Robson,
113
A. Rocchi,
43
L. Rolland,
18
J. G. Rollins,
12
V. J. Roma,
80
R. Romano,
14, 15
C. L. Romel,
56
J. H. Romie,
17
D. Rosi
́
nska,
165,65
M. P. Ross,
166
S. Rowan,
55
A. R
̈
udiger,
20,21
P. Ruggi,
40
G. Rutins,
167
K. Ryan,
56
S. Sachdev,
12
T. Sadecki,
56
M. Sakellariadou,
168
L. Salconi,
40
M. Saleem,
128
F. Salemi,
20
A. Samajdar,
158,24
L. Sammut,
16
L. M. Sampson,
100
E. J. Sanchez,
12
L. E. Sanchez,
12
N. Sanchis-Gual,
33
V. Sandberg,
56
J. R. Sanders,
53
N. Sarin,
16
B. Sassolas,
35
B. S. Sathyaprakash,
97,46
P. R. Saulson,
53
O. Sauter,
132
R. L. Savage,
56
A. Sawadsky,
44
P. Schale,
80
M. Scheel,
57
J. Scheuer,
100
P. Schmidt,
75
R. Schnabel,
44
R. M. S. Schofield,
80
A. Sch
̈
onbeck,
44
E. Schreiber,
20,21
D. Schuette,
20,21
B. W. Schulte,
20, 21
B. F. Schutz,
46,20
S. G. Schwalbe,
47
J. Scott,
55
S. M. Scott,
34
E. Seidel,
22
D. Sellers,
17
A. S. Sengupta,
169
D. Sentenac,
40
V. Sequino,
42,43,26
A. Sergeev,
138
Y. Setyawati,
20
D. A. Shaddock,
34
T. J. Shaffer,
56
A. A. Shah,
148
M. S. Shahriar,
100
M. B. Shaner,
120
L. Shao,
48
B. Shapiro,
60
P. Shawhan,
86
H. Shen,
22
D. H. Shoemaker,
5
D. M. Shoemaker,
87
K. Siellez,
87
X. Siemens,
30
M. Sieniawska,
65
D. Sigg,
56
A. D. Silva,
25
L. P. Singer,
1
A. Singh,
20,21
A. Singhal,
26,45
A. M. Sintes,
114
B. J. J. Slagmolen,
34
T. J. Slaven-Blair,
74
B. Smith,
17
J. R. Smith,
38
R. J. E. Smith,
16
S. Somala,
170
E. J. Son,
141
B. Sorazu,
55
F. Sorrentino,
71
T. Souradeep,
28
A. P. Spencer,
55
A. K. Srivastava,
118
K. Staats,
47
M. Steinke,
20,21
J. Steinlechner,
44,55
S. Steinlechner,
44
D. Steinmeyer,
20,21
B. Steltner,
20, 21
S. P. Stevenson,
164
D. Stocks,
60
R. Stone,
116
D. J. Stops,
70
K. A. Strain,
55
G. Stratta,
82,83
S. E. Strigin,
73
A. Strunk,
56
R. Sturani,
171
A. L. Stuver,
172
T. Z. Summerscales,
173
L. Sun,
107
S. Sunil,
118
J. Suresh,
28
P. J. Sutton,
46
B. L. Swinkels,
24
M. J. Szczepa
́
nczyk,
47
M. Tacca,
24
S. C. Tait,
55
C. Talbot,
16
D. Talukder,
80
D. B. Tanner,
59
M. T
́
apai,
129
A. Taracchini,
48
J. D. Tasson,
103
J. A. Taylor,
148
R. Taylor,
12
S. V. Tewari,
162
T. Theeg,
20, 21
F. Thies,
20,21
E. G. Thomas,
70
M. Thomas,
17
P. Thomas,
56
K. A. Thorne,
17
E. Thrane,
16
S. Tiwari,
26,106
V. Tiwari,
46
K. V. Tokmakov,
36
K. Toland,
55
M. Tonelli,
31,32
Z. Tornasi,
55
A. Torres-Forn
́
e,
33
C. I. Torrie,
12
D. T
̈
oyr
̈
a,
70
F. Travasso,
40,52
G. Traylor,
17
J. Trinastic,
59
M. C. Tringali,
121,106
L. Trozzo,
174,32
K. W. Tsang,
24
M. Tse,
5
R. Tso,
57
D. Tsuna,
91
L. Tsukada,
91
D. Tuyenbayev,
116
K. Ueno,
30
D. Ugolini,
175
A. L. Urban,
12
S. A. Usman,
46
H. Vahlbruch,
20,21
G. Vajente,
12
G. Valdes,
13
N. van Bakel,
24
M. van Beuzekom,
24
J. F. J. van den Brand,
85,24
C. Van Den Broeck,
24, 176
D. C. Vander-Hyde,
53
L. van der Schaaf,
24
J. V. van Heijningen,
24
A. A. van Veggel,
55
M. Vardaro,
62,63
V. Varma,
57
S. Vass,
12
M. Vas
́
uth,
58
A. Vecchio,
70
G. Vedovato,
63
J. Veitch,
55
P. J. Veitch,
66
K. Venkateswara,
166
G. Venugopalan,
12
D. Verkindt,
18
F. Vetrano,
82,83
A. Vicer
́
e,
82,83
A. D. Viets,
30
S. Vinciguerra,
70
D. J. Vine,
167
J.-Y. Vinet,
76
S. Vitale,
5
T. Vo,
53
H. Vocca,
51,52
C. Vorvick,
56
S. P. Vyatchanin,
73
A. R. Wade,
12
L. E. Wade,
94
M. Wade,
94
R. Walet,
24
M. Walker,
38
L. Wallace,
12
S. Walsh,
30,20
G. Wang,
26, 32
H. Wang,
70
J. Z. Wang,
132
W. H. Wang,
116
Y. F. Wang,
104
R. L. Ward,
34
J. Warner,
56
M. Was,
18
J. Watchi,
109
B. Weaver,
56
L.-W. Wei,
20,21
M. Weinert,
20,21
A. J. Weinstein,
12
R. Weiss,
5
F. Wellmann,
20, 21
L. Wen,
74
E. K. Wessel,
22
P. Weßels,
20,21
J. Westerweck,
20
K. Wette,
34
J. T. Whelan,
69
B. F. Whiting,
59
C. Whittle,
5
D. Wilken,
20,21
D. Williams,
55
R. D. Williams,
12
A. R. Williamson,
69,75
J. L. Willis,
12,133
B. Willke,
20,21
M. H. Wimmer,
20,21
W. Winkler,
20, 21
C. C. Wipf,
12
H. Wittel,
20,21
G. Woan,
55
J. Woehler,
20,21
J. K. Wofford,
69
W. K. Wong,
104
J. Worden,
56
J. L. Wright,
55
D. S. Wu,
20,21
D. M. Wysocki,
69
S. Xiao,
12
W. Yam,
5
H. Yamamoto,
12
C. C. Yancey,
86
L. Yang,
177
M. J. Yap,
34
M. Yazback,
59
Hang Yu,
5
Haocun Yu,
5
M. Yvert,
18
A. Zadro
̇
zny,
143
M. Zanolin,
47
T. Zelenova,
40
J.-P. Zendri,
63
M. Zevin,
100
J. Zhang,
74
L. Zhang,
12
M. Zhang,
153
T. Zhang,
55
Y.-H. Zhang,
20,21
C. Zhao,
74
M. Zhou,
100
Z. Zhou,
100
S. J. Zhu,
20,21
X. J. Zhu,
16
M. E. Zucker,
12,5
and J. Zweizig
12
4
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaborat
ion
1
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
2
Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Rese
arch Association, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
3
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, US
A
4
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St
, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
5
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, M
A 02139, USA
6
Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Hunts
ville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
7
Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University
of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
8
Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona, 4, I-70126 Bari BA
, Italy
9
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-7
0126 Bari, Italy
10
Jacobs Space Exploration Group, Huntsville, AL 35806
11
Max-Planck-Institut f ̈ur extraterrestrische Physik, Gie
ssenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
12
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 911
25, USA
13
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
14
Universit`a di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
15
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S
.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
16
OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, C
layton 3800, Victoria, Australia
17
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
18
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Un
iv. Grenoble Alpes, Universit ́e Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN
2P3, F-74941
Annecy, France
19
University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Ital
y and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
20
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Ein
stein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
21
Leibniz Universit ̈at Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
22
NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
IL 61801, USA
23
University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
24
Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherland
s
25
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 S ̃ao
Jos ́e dos Campos, S ̃ao Paulo, Brazil
26
Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Ita
ly
27
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi
, Italy
28
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, P
une 411007, India
29
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Insti
tute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
30
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U
SA
31
Universit`a di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
32
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
33
Departamento de Astronom ́ıa y Astrof ́ısica, Universitat d
e Val`encia, E-46100 Burjassot, Val`encia, Spain
34
OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Austra
lian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
35
Laboratoire des Mat ́eriaux Avanc ́es (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-
69622 Villeurbanne, France
36
SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kin
gdom
37
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Universit ́e Paris-Sacl
ay, F-91898 Orsay, France
38
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 9283
1, USA
39
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Universit ́e Paris Dide
rot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonn
e Paris Cit ́e,
F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
40
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascin
a, Pisa, Italy
41
Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
42
Universit`a di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
43
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
44
Universit ̈at Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
45
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
46
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
47
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301
, USA
48
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Ein
stein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
5
49
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Dae
jeon 34141, Korea
50
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
51
Universit`a di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
52
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
53
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
54
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
55
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdo
m
56
LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
57
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
58
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Mikl ́os ́u
t 29-33, Hungary
59
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
60
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
61
Universit`a di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 C
amerino, Italy
62
Universit`a di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
, I-35131 Padova, Italy
63
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
64
MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physic
s, E ̈otv ̈os University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
65
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy o
f Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
66
OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
5005, Australia
67
Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatic
he, Universit`a di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
68
INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma,
I-43124 Parma, Italy
69
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, US
A
70
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingd
om
71
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
72
RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
73
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mos
cow 119991, Russia
74
OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western
Australia 6009, Australia
75
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nij
megen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
76
Artemis, Universit ́e Cˆote d’Azur, Observatoire Cˆote d’A
zur, CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
77
Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstra
sse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
78
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR6082, F-3500 Rennes,
France
79
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
80
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
81
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Universit ́e, CNRS,
ENS-Universit ́e PSL, Coll`ege de France, F-75005 Paris, Fr
ance
82
Universit`a degli Studi di Urbino ’Carlo Bo,’ I-61029 Urbin
o, Italy
83
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenz
e, Italy
84
Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsa
w, Poland
85
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherland
s
86
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
87
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlant
a, GA 30332, USA
88
Universit ́e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, F
rance
89
Universit`a di Napoli ’Federico II,’ Complesso Universita
rio di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
90
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi di Genova,
I-16146 Genova, Italy
91
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
92
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
93
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
94
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
95
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
96
Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico
Fermi”, I-00184 Roma, Italyrico Fermi, I-00184 Roma, Italy
97
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 168
02, USA
98
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan,
Republic of China
99
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678
, Australia
100
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Ast
rophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
60208, USA
101
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
102
Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
6
103
Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
104
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
105
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova,
Italy
106
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applica
tions, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
107
OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010
, Australia
108
Universit`a di Roma ’La Sapienza,’ I-00185 Roma, Italy
109
Universit ́e Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
110
Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
111
Departamento de Matem ́aticas, Universitat de Val`encia, E
-46100 Burjassot, Val`encia, Spain
112
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
113
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
114
Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma
de Mallorca, Spain
115
University of Rhode Island
116
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 7
8520, USA
117
Bellevue College, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
118
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, I
ndia
119
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
120
California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State Unive
rsity Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
121
Universit`a di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Pov
o, Trento, Italy
122
Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
123
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa,
Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
124
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Univers
ity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
125
Observatori Astron`omic, Universitat de Val`encia, E-469
80 Paterna, Val`encia, Spain
126
School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
127
University and Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Instit
utional Area, Gandhinagar Gujarat 382007, India
128
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
129
University of Szeged, D ́om t ́er 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
130
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, Ind
ia
131
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131, N
apoli, Italy
132
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
133
Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX 79699, USA
134
American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
135
University of Bia lystok, 15-424 Bia lystok, Poland
136
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Ki
ngdom
137
University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Both
ell, WA 98011, USA
138
Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Rus
sia
139
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055
, Korea
140
Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Korea
141
National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 340
47, Korea
142
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
143
NCBJ, 05-400
́
Swierk-Otwock, Poland
144
Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 0065
6 Warsaw, Poland
145
Cornell Universtiy
146
Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA
147
Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
148
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35811, US
A
149
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi Roma Tre, I
-00154 Roma, Italy
150
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy
151
ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
152
Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813,
USA
153
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
154
Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000,
Monaco
155
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Ind
ia
156
INFN Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Ital
y
7
157
Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-su
r-Yvette, France
158
IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
159
Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA
160
Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 P
isa, Italy
161
Universit ́e de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon, France
162
Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
163
Universit`a degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
164
OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3
122, Australia
165
Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G ́
ora, 65-265 Zielona G ́ora, Poland
166
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
167
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, Un
ited Kingdom
168
King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2L
S, United Kingdom
169
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Guj
arat 382424, India
170
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kha
ndi, Telangana 502285, India
171
International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN 59078-970, Brazil
172
Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 190
85, USA
173
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA
174
Universit`a di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
175
Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
176
Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, U
niversity of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Th
e Netherlands
177
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
ABSTRACT
We present a search for prompt gamma-ray counterparts to com
pact binary coalescence gravitational wave (GW)
candidates from Advanced LIGO’s first observing run (O1). As dem
onstrated by the multimessenger observations
of GW170817/GRB 170817A, electromagnetic and GW observations
provide complementary information about the
astrophysical source and, in the case of weaker candidates, may
strengthen the case for an astrophysical origin. Here
we investigate low-significance GW candidates from the O1 compact-
binary coalescence searches using the
Fermi
Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM), leveraging its all-sky and broad en
ergy coverage. Candidates are ranked and
compared to background to measure significance. Those with false
alarm rates of less than 10
−
5
Hz (about one per
day) are used as the search sample for gamma-ray follow-up. No GW
candidates were found to be coincident with
gamma-ray transients independently identified by blind searches of
the GBM data. In addition, GW candidate event
times were followed up by a separate targeted search of GBM data.
Among the resulting GBM events, the two with
lowest false alarm rates were the gamma-ray transient GW150914-
GBM presented in
Connaughton et al.
(
2016
) and
a solar flare in chance coincidence with a GW candidate.
∗
Deceased, February 2018.
†
Deceased, November 2017.
8
1.
INTRODUCTION
The first observing run (O1) of the Advanced LIGO
detectors (
Aasi et al. 2015
) marked the dawn of gravita-
tional wave (GW) astronomy with the ground-breaking
discovery of merging black holes (BHs) (
Abbott et al.
2016g
,
e
) and
Abbott et al.
(
2016b
). The second ob-
serving run (O2) continued unveiling the population
of binary black holes (
Abbott et al. 2017b
,
c
,
d
), saw
the addition of the Virgo observatory to the detec-
tor network (
Abbott et al. 2017d
), and culminated in
the spectacular multimessenger observations of a bi-
nary neutron star merger, summarized in
Abbott et al.
(
2017e
,
f
). Simultaneously observing the same astro-
physical event in both gravitational and electromagnetic
radiation will continue to uniquely enrich our under-
standing of sources. Because GWs negligibly interact
with matter they are directly encoded with informa-
tion about the central engines of the most violent, dy-
namic processes in the universe. Electromagnetic (EM)
waves, on the other hand, are tightly coupled to mat-
ter thus providing information about the material and
surrounding environment being affected by the central
engine (
Metzger & Berger 2012
).
Several astrophysical transient phenomena are thought
to produce GW and EM emission strong enough to be
detected by current or proposed observatories including
soft gamma-ray repeaters, rapidly rotating core collapse
supernovae, binary neutron star mergers and gamma-
ray bursts. Here we focus on short gamma-ray bursts
(SGRBs), now directly confirmed to arise from the merg-
ers of compact stellar remnants to which ground-based
GW detectors are most sensitive (
Abbott et al. 2017a
).
This paper is limited in scope to analysis of times dur-
ing O1, and focuses on the follow-up searches of data
from the
Fermi
Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) near
in time to the GW search candidates. Results for the
search in GW data for known GRBs which occurred
during O1 can be found in
Abbott et al.
(
2017g
).
Despite the consensus view that there would be no
bright EM emission associated with stellar-mass BBH
mergers, comprehensive observing campaigns with EM
observatories were carried out. For example, twenty five
participating teams of observers received and responded
to notifications of the GW150914 detection, with follow-
up observations taken from the radio to gamma-ray
bands (
Abbott et al. 2016f
). In the follow-up anal-
ysis of time around the first BBH merger observation,
GW150914, the
Fermi
Gamma-ray Burst Monitor found
a weak transient signal (
Connaughton et al. 2016
),
GW150914-GBM, though no corresponding signal was
observed in other gamma-ray instruments (
Hurley et al.
2016
;
Savchenko et al. 2016
;
Tavani et al. 2016
), nor
was a similar signal found in relation to the other unam-
biguous GW detection in O1, GW151226 (
Abbott et al.
2016e
;
Adriani et al. 2016
;
Racusin et al. 2017
), though
85% of the LIGO localization for GW151226 was out of
view by
Fermi
, occulted by the Earth (
Racusin et al.
2017
).
The case for a GW candidate too low in significance
to be claimed as an unambiguous detection would be
strengthened by an EM detection consistent with the
putative GW event. To that end, this paper reports
on the search of GBM data for potential EM counter-
parts to any GW binary merger candidates found in the
O1 data set with false alarm rate (FAR) below 10
−
5
Hz by the LIGO-Virgo analyses. Two GW candidates
were identified in coincidence with gamma-ray signals
exceeding the GBM background: a gamma ray transient
found in the follow up of GW150914, previously reported
in
Connaughton et al.
(
2016
), and a second GBM tran-
sient most likely due to a chance coincidence with a solar
flare.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section
2
we de-
scribe the data analysis methods used to identify com-
pact binary coalescence (CBC) triggers in GW data and
to identify gamma-ray transients in the GBM data. Sec-
tion
3
presents the search results. Section
4
summarizes
the results and conclusions, and discusses the role for
GBM and LIGO-Virgo joint analysis during future ob-
serving runs.
2.
DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
2.1.
Advanced LIGO
The LIGO observatories are two modified Michelson
interferometers located in Livingston, Louisiana and
Hanford, Washington. Each arm of the interferometer
is formed by two mirrors separated by 4 km. Passing
GWs produce a strain, typically denoted as
h
, which
changes the separation of the mirrors, inducing a rel-
ative phase difference in the light when it returns to
the beam-splitter which transmits an optical signal pro-
portional to the incident strain. The large separation
between the observatories reduces the false-alarm back-
ground due to coincident instrumental or environmental
contamination, and differences in time and phase of ar-
rival constrain the sky location of astrophysical sources.
For a full description see
Aasi et al.
(
2015
).
The data are analyzed for continuous (
Aasi et al.
2014b
;
Abbott et al. 2016h
), stochastic (
Abbott et al.
2016j
), and transient astrophysical sources. Transient
searches include “all sky” searches for new GW sources,
and “targeted” searches for known astrophysical ob-
jects, e.g. GRBs (
Abbott et al. 2017g
) and super-
novae (
Abbott et al. 2016c
). All sky sources can be