Table 1. List of the SWING2 Models Used in This Study and Their Respective Simulationsa GCM Reference Simulations GISS modelE Schmidt et al. [2007] free-running or nudged by NCEP ECHAM4 Hoffmann et al. [1998] nudged by ECMWF LMDZ4 Risi et al. [2010c] free-running or nudged by ECMWF GSM Yoshimura et al. [2008] nudged by NCEP CAM2 Lee et al. [2007] free-running Hadley Tindall et al. [2009] free-running MIROC Kurita et al. [2011] free-running a"Free-running" refers to standard AMIP-style simulations [Gates, 1992] forced by observed sea surface temperatures, and whose winds are not nudged.