GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

Abac, A. G.; Abouelfettouh, I.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adamcewicz, C.; Adhicary, S.; Adhikari, D.; Adhikari, N.; Adhikari, R. X.; Adkins, V. K.; Afroz, S.; Agapito, A.; Agarwal, D.; Agathos, M.; Aggarwal, N.; Aggarwal, S.; Aguiar, O. D.; Ahrend, I.-L.; Aiello, L.; Ain, A.; Ajith, P.; Akutsu, T.; Al-Kershi, S.; Al-Shammari, S.; Albanesi, S.; Ali, W.; Alléné, C.; Allocca, A.; Altin, P. A.; Alvarez-Lopez, S.; Amar, W.; Amarasinghe, O.; Amato, A.; Amicucci, F.; Amra, C.; Ananyeva, A.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Andia, M.; Ando, M.; Andrés-Carcasona, M.; Andrić, T.; Anglin, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antelis, J. M.; Antier, S.; Aoumi, M.; Appavuravther, E. Z.; Appert, S.; Apple, S. K.; Arai, K.; Araya, A.; Araya, M. C.; Arca Sedda, M.; Areeda, J. S.; Aritomi, N.; Armato, F.; Armstrong, S.; Arnaud, N.; Arogeti, M.; Aronson, S. M.; Ashton, G.; Aso, Y.; Asprea, L.; Assiduo, M.; Assis de Souza Melo, S.; Aston, S. M.; Astone, P.; Attadio, F.; Aubin, F.; AultONeal, K.; Avallone, G.; Avila, E. A.; Babak, S.; Badger, C.; Bae, S.; Bagnasco, S.; Baiotti, L.; Bajpai, R.; Baka, T.; Baker, A. M.; Baker, K. A.; Baker, T.; Baldi, G.; Baldicchi, N.; Ball, M.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S. W.; Banagiri, S.; Banerjee, B.; Bankar, D.; Baptiste, T. M.; Baral, P.; Baratti, M.; Barayoga, J. C.; Barish, B. C.; Barker, D.; Barman, N.; Barneo, P.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barta, D.; Bartoletti, A. M.; Barton, M. A.; Bartos, I.; Basalaev, A.; Bassiri, R.; Basti, A.; Bawaj, M.; Baxi, P.; Bayley, J. C.; Baylor, A. C.; Baynard, P. A.; Bazzan, M.; Bedakihale, V. M.; Beirnaert, F.; Bejger, M.; Belardinelli, D.; Bell, A. S.; Bellie, D. S.; Bellizzi, L.; Benoit, W.; Bentara, I.; Bentley, J. D.; Ben Yaala, M.; Bera, S.; Bergamin, F.; Berger, B. K.; Bernuzzi, S.; Beroiz, M.; Berry, C. P. L.; Bersanetti, D.; Bertheas, T.; Bertolini, A.; Betzwieser, J.; Beveridge, D.; Bevilacqua, G.; Bevins, N.; Bhagwat, S.; Bhandare, R.; Bhatt, R.; Bhattacharjee, D.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Bhaumik, S.; Biancalana, V.; Bianchi, A.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Binetti, A.; Bini, S.; Binu, C.; Biot, S.; Birnholtz, O.; Biscoveanu, S.; Bisht, A.; Bitossi, M.; Bizouard, M.-A.; Blaber, S.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blagg, L. A.; Blair, C. D.; Blair, D. G.; Bode, N.; Boettner, N.; Boileau, G.; Boldrini, M.; Bolingbroke, G. N.; Bolliand, A.; Bonavena, L. D.; Bondarescu, R.; Bondu, F.; Bonilla, E.; Bonilla, M. S.; Bonino, A.; Bonnand, R.; Borchers, A.; Borhanian, S.; Boschi, V.; Bose, S.; Bossilkov, V.; Bothra, Y.; Boudon, A.; Bourg, L.; Boyle, M.; Bozzi, A.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Branch, A.; Branchesi, M.; Braun, I.; Briant, T.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brockill, P.; Brockmueller, E.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, B. C.; Brown, D. D.; Brozzetti, M. L.; Brunett, S.; Bruno, G.; Bruntz, R.; Bryant, J.; Bu, Y.; Bucci, F.; Buchanan, J.; Bulashenko, O.; Bulik, T.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Burtnyk, K.; Buscicchio, R.; Buskulic, D.; Calderón Bustillo, J.; Buy, C.; Byer, R. L.; Cáceres-Barbosa, V.; Cabourn Davies, G. S.; Cabrita, R.; Cadonati, L.; Cagnoli, G.; Cahillane, C.; Calafat, A.; Callister, T. A.; Calloni, E.; Callos, S. R.; Canepa, M.; Caneva Santoro, G.; Cannon, K. C.; Cao, H.; Capistran, L. A.; Capocasa, E.; Capote, E.; Capurri, G.; Carapella, G.; Carbognani, F.; Carlassara, M.; Carlin, J. B.; Carlson, T. K.; Carney, M. F.; Carpinelli, M.; Carrillo, G.; Carter, J. J.; Carullo, G.; Casallas-Lagos, A.; Casanueva Diaz, J.; Casentini, C.; Castro-Lucas, S. Y.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalieri, R.; Ceja, A.; Cella, G.; Cerdá-Durán, P.; Cesarini, E.; Chabbra, N.; Chaibi, W.; Chakraborty, A.; Chakraborty, P.; Chakraborty, S.; Chalathadka Subrahmanya, S.; Chan, J. C. L.; Chan, M.; Chang, K.; Chao, S.; Charlton, P.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chatterjee, C.; Debarati Chatterjee; Deep Chatterjee; Chaturvedi, M.; Chaty, S.; Chatziioannou, K.; Chen, A.; Chen, A. H.-Y.; Chen, D.; Chen, H.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, S.; Chen, Yanbei; Yitian Chen; Cheng, H. P.; Chessa, P.; Cheung, H. T.; Cheung, S. Y.; Chiadini, F.; Chiaramello, D.; Chiarini, G.; Chiba, A.; Chincarini, A.; Chiofalo, M. L.; Chiummo, A.; Chou, C.; Choudhary, S.; Christensen, N.; Chua, S. S. Y.; Ciani, G.; Cieślar, M.; Ciecielag, P.; Cifaldi, M.; Cirok, B.; Clara, F.; Clark, J. A.; Clarke, T. A.; Clearwater, P.; Clesse, S.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Codazzo, E.; Cohadon, P.-F.; Colace, S.; Colangeli, E.; Colleoni, M.; Collette, C. G.; Collins, J.; Colloms, S.; Colombo, A.; Compton, C. M.; Connolly, G.; Conti, L.; Corbitt, T. R.; Cordero-Carrión, I.; Corezzi, S.; Cornish, N. J.; Coronado, I.; Corsi, A.; Cottingham, R.; Coughlin, M. W.; Couineaux, A.; Couvares, P.; Coward, D. M.; Coyne, R.; Cozzumbo, A.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Creighton, T. D.; Cremonese, P.; Crook, S.; Crouch, R.; Csizmazia, J.; Cudell, J. R.; Cullen, T. J.; Cumming, A.; Cuoco, E.; Cusinato, M.; D'Angelo, B.; D'Antonio, S.; D'Onofrio, L.; D'Urso, D.; Dálya, G.; Díaz, M. C.; Dal Canton, T.; Dal Pra, S.; Damour, T.; Danilishin, S.; Danzmann, K.; Darroch, K. E.; Dartez, L. P.; Das, R.; Dasgupta, A.; Dattilo, V.; Daumas, A.; Davari, N.; Dave, I.; Davenport, A.; Davier, M.; Davies, T. F.; Davis, D.; Davis, L.; Davis, M. C.; Davis, P.; Daw, E. J.; Dax, M.; Da Conceição, L. V.; Deenadayalan, M.; Degallaix, J.; Della Torre, S.; Del Pozzo, W.; Demagny, A.; Demasi, G.; Demos, N.; Dent, T.; Depasse, A.; DePergola, N.; Desai, M.; DeSalvo, R.; DeSimone, A.; De Bolle, J.; De Laurentis, M.; De Lillo, F.; De Marco, F.; De Matteis, F.; De Pietri, R.; De Rosa, R.; De Rossi, C.; De Simone, R.; Dhani, A.; Diab, R.; Dideron, G.; Dietrich, T.; Diksha, D.; Ding, J.; Di Cesare, M.; Di Fiore, L.; Di Fronzo, C.; Di Giovanni, M.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Pace, S.; Di Palma, I.; Di Piero, D.; Divyajyoti; Di Renzo, F.; Dmitriev, A.; Docherty, J. P.; Doctor, Z.; Doerksen, N.; Dohmen, E.; Doke, A.; Domiciano De Souza, A.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Dooney, T.; Doravari, S.; Dorosh, O.; Doyle, W. J. D.; Drago, M.; Driggers, J. C.; Dunn, L.; Dupletsa, U.; Dutta Roy, P.; Duval, H.; Duverne, P.-A.; Dwyer, S. E.; Eassa, C.; Ebersold, M.; Eckhardt, T.; Eddolls, G.; Effler, A.; Eichholz, J.; Einsle, H.; Eisenmann, M.; Emma, M.; Endo, K.; Enficiaud, R.; Errico, L.; Espinosa, R.; Esposito, M.; Essick, R. C.; Estellés, H.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Evstafyeva, T.; Ewing, B. E.; Ezquiaga, J. M.; Fabrizi, F.; Fafone, V.; Fairhurst, S.; Farah, A. M.; Farr, B.; Farr, W. M.; Favaro, G.; Favata, M.; Fays, M.; Fazio, M.; Feicht, J.; Fejer, M. M.; Felicetti, R.; Fenyvesi, E.; Fernandes, J.; Fernandes, T.; Fernando, D.; Ferraiuolo, S.; Ferreira, T. A.; Fidecaro, F.; Figura, P.; Finch, E.; Fiori, A.; Fiori, I.; Fishbach, M.; Fisher, R. P.; Fittipaldi, R.; Fiumara, V.; Flaminio, R.; Fleischer, S. M.; Fleming, L. S.; Floden, E.; Fong, H.; Font, J. A.; Fontinele-Nunes, F.; Foo, C.; Fornal, B.; Franceschetti, K.; Frappez, F.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Freed, J. P.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Freitas, O.; Frey, R.; Frischhertz, W.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fronzé, G. G.; Fuentes-Garcia, M.; Fujii, S.; Fujimori, T.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gadre, B.; Gair, J. R.; Galaudage, S.; Galdi, V.; Gamba, R.; Gamboa, A.; Gamoji, S.; Ganapathy, D.; Ganguly, A.; Garaventa, B.; García-Bellido, J.; García-Quirós, C.; Gardner, J. W.; Gardner, K. A.; Garg, S.; Gargiulo, J.; Garrido, X.; Garron, A.; Garufi, F.; Garver, P. A.; Gasbarra, C.; Gateley, B.; Gautier, F.; Gayathri, V.; Gayer, T.; Gemme, G.; Gennai, A.; Gennari, V.; George, J.; George, R.; Gerberding, O.; Archisman Ghosh; Gergely, L.; Sayantan Ghosh; Shaon Ghosh; Shrobana Ghosh; Suprovo Ghosh; Tathagata Ghosh; Giaime, J. A.; Giardina, K. D.; Gibson, D. R.; Gier, C.; Gkaitatzis, S.; Glanzer, J.; Glotin, F.; Godfrey, J.; Godley, R. V.; Godwin, P.; Goettel, A. S.; Goetz, E.; Golomb, J.; Gomez Lopez, S.; Goncharov, B.; González, G.; Goodarzi, P.; Goode, S.; Goodwin-Jones, A. W.; Gosselin, M.; Gouaty, R.; Gould, D. W.; Govorkova, K.; Grado, A.; Graham, V.; Granados, A. E.; Granata, M.; Granata, V.; Gras, S.; Grassia, P.; Graves, J.; Gray, C.; Gray, R.; Greco, G.; Green, A. C.; Green, L.; Green, S. M.; Green, S. R.; Greenberg, C.; Gretarsson, A. M.; Griffin, H. K.; Griffith, D.; Griggs, H. L.; Grignani, G.; Grimaud, C.; Grote, H.; Grunewald, S.; Guerra, D.; Guetta, D.; Guidi, G. M.; Guimaraes, A. R.; Gulati, H. K.; Gulminelli, F.; Anuradha Gupta; Guo, H.; Guo, W.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, I.; Gupta, N. C.; Gupta, S. K.; Gupta, V.; Gupte, N.; Gurs, J.; Gutierrez, N.; Guttman, N.; Guzman, F.; Haba, D.; Haberland, M.; Haino, S.; Hall, E. D.; Hamilton, E. Z.; Hammond, G.; Haney, M.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hannam, M. D.; Hannuksela, O. A.; Hanselman, A. G.; Hansen, H.; Hanson, J.; Hanumasagar, S.; Harada, R.; Hardison, A. R.; Harikumar, S.; Haris, K.; Harley-Trochimczyk, I.; Harmark, T.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Hart, J.; Haskell, B.; Haster, C. J.; Haughian, K.; Hayakawa, H.; Hayama, K.; Heintze, M. C.; Heinze, J.; Heinzel, J.; Heitmann, H.; Hellman, F.; Helmling-Cornell, A. F.; Hemming, G.; Henderson-Sapir, O.; Hendry, M.; Heng, I. S.; Hennig, M. H.; Henshaw, C.; Heurs, M.; Hewitt, A. L.; Heynen, J.; Heyns, J.; Higginbotham, S.; Hild, S.; Hill, S.; Himemoto, Y.; Hirata, N.; Hirose, C.; Hofman, D.; Hogan, B. E.; Holland, N. A.; Hollows, I. J.; Holz, D. E.; Honet, L.; Horton-Bailey, D. J.; Hough, J.; Hourihane, S.; Howard, N. T.; Howell, E. J.; Hoy, C. G.; Hrishikesh, C. A.; Hsi, P.; Hsieh, H.-F.; Hsieh, H.-Y.; Hsiung, C.; Hsu, S.-H.; Hsu, W.-F.; Hu, Q.; Huang, H. Y.; Huang, Y.; Huang, Y. T.; Huddart, A. D.; Hughey, B.; Hui, V.; Husa, S.; Huxford, R.; Iampieri, L.; Iandolo, G. A.; Ianni, M.; Iannone, G.; Iascau, J.; Ide, K.; Iden, R.; Ierardi, A.; Ikeda, S.; Imafuku, H.; Inoue, Y.; Iorio, G.; Iosif, P.; Iqbal, M. H.; Irwin, J.; Ishikawa, R.; Isi, M.; Isleif, K. S.; Itoh, Y.; Iwaya, M.; Iyer, B. R.; Jacquet, C.; Jacquet, P.-E.; Jacquot, T.; Jadhav, S. J.; Jadhav, S. P.; Jain, M.; Jain, T.; James, A. L.; Jani, K.; Janquart, J.; Janthalur, N. N.; Jaraba, S.; Jaranowski, P.; Jaume, R.; Javed, W.; Jennings, A.; Jensen, M.; Jia, W.; Jiang, J.; Jin, H.-B.; Johns, G. R.; Johnson, N. A.; Johnston, M. C.; Johnston, R.; Johny, N.; Jones, D. H.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, R.; Jose, H. E.; Joshi, P.; Joshi, S. K.; Joubert, G.; Ju, J.; Ju, L.; Jung, K.; Junker, J.; Juste, V.; Kabagoz, H. B.; Kajita, T.; Kaku, I.; Kalogera, V.; Kalomenopoulos, M.; Kamiizumi, M.; Kanda, N.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kannachel, N. C.; Kanner, J. B.; KantiMahanty, S. A.; Kapadia, S. J.; Kapasi, D. P.; Karthikeyan, M.; Kasprzack, M.; Kato, H.; Kato, T.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kaushik, R.; Kawabe, K.; Kawamoto, R.; Keitel, D.; Kemperman, L. J.; Kennington, J.; Kerkow, F. A.; Kesharwani, R.; Key, J. S.; Khadela, R.; Khadka, S.; Khadkikar, S. S.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khan, F.; Khanam, T.; Khursheed, M.; Khusid, N. M.; Kiendrebeogo, W.; Kijbunchoo, N.; Kim, C.; Kim, J. C.; Kim, K.; Kim, M. H.; Kim, S.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kimball, C.; Kimes, K.; Kinnear, M.; Kissel, J. S.; Klimenko, S.; Knee, A. M.; Knox, E. J.; Knust, N.; Kobayashi, K.; Koehlenbeck, S. M.; Koekoek, G.; Kohri, K.; Kokeyama, K.; Koley, S.; Kolitsidou, P.; Koloniari, A. E.; Komori, K.; Kong, A. K. H.; Kontos, A.; Koponen, L. M.; Korobko, M.; Kou, X.; Koushik, A.; Kouvatsos, N.; Kovalam, M.; Koyama, T.; Kozak, D. B.; Królak, A.; Kranzhoff, S. L.; Kringel, V.; Krishnendu, N. V.; Kroker, S.; Kruska, K.; Kubisz, J.; Kuehn, G.; Kulkarni, S.; Kulur Ramamohan, A.; Achal Kumar; Anil Kumar; Praveen Kumar; Prayush Kumar; Rahul Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; Kume, J.; Kuns, K.; Kuntimaddi, N.; Kuroyanagi, S.; Kuwahara, S.; Kwak, K.; Kwan, K.; Kwon, S.; Lück, H.; Lacaille, G.; Laghi, D.; Laity, A. H.; Lalande, E.; Lalleman, M.; Lalremruati, P. C.; Landry, M.; Lane, B. B.; Lang, R. N.; Lange, J.; Langgin, R.; Lantz, B.; Larsen, J.; Lartaux-Vollard, A.; Lasky, P. D.; Lawrence, J.; Laxen, M.; Lazarte, C.; Lazzarini, A.; Lazzaro, C.; La Rosa, I.; Leaci, P.; Leali, L.; Lecoeuche, Y. K.; Lee, H. M.; Lee, H. W.; Lee, J.; Lee, K.; Lee, R.-K.; Lee, R.; Sungho Lee; Sunjae Lee; Lee, Y.; Legred, I. N.; Lehmann, J.; Lehner, L.; Lemaître, A.; Lenti, M.; Leonardi, M.; Lequime, M.; Leroy, N.; Lesovsky, M.; Letendre, N.; Lethuillier, M.; Levin, Y.; Leyde, K.; Le Jean, M.; Li, A. K. Y.; Li, K. L.; Li, T. G. F.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Lihos, A.; Lin, E. T.; Lin, F.; Lin, L. C.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Lindsay, C.; Linker, S. D.; Liu, A.; Liu, G. C.; Jian Liu; Llamas Villarreal, F.; Llobera-Querol, J.; Lo, R. K. L.; Locquet, J.-P.; Loggins, S. C. G.; Loizou, M. R.; London, L. T.; Longo, A.; Lopez, D.; Lopez Portilla, M.; Lorenzini, M.; Lorenzo-Medina, A.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lotti, E.; Lott, T. P.; Lough, J. D.; Loughlin, H. A.; Lousto, C. O.; Low, N.; Lu, N.; Lucchesi, L.; Lumaca, D.; Lundgren, A. P.; Lussier, A. W.; Mérou, J. R.; Macas, R.; MacInnis, M.; Macleod, D. M.; MacMillan, I. A. O.; Macquet, A.; Maeda, K.; Maenaut, S.; Magare, S. S.; Magee, R. M.; Maggio, E.; Maggiore, R.; Magnozzi, M.; Mahesh, M.; Maini, M.; Majhi, S.; Majorana, E.; Makarem, C. N.; Malagon, N.; Malakar, D.; Malaquias-Reis, J. A.; Mali, U.; Maliakal, S.; Malik, A.; Mallick, L.; Malz, A.-K.; Man, N.; Mancarella, M.; Mandic, V.; Mangano, V.; Manning, N.; Mannix, B.; Mansell, G. L.; Manske, M.; Mantovani, M.; Mapelli, M.; Marinelli, C.; Marion, F.; Markosyan, A. S.; Markowitz, A.; Maros, E.; Marsat, S.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Martinez, B. B.; Martinez, D. A.; Martinez, M.; Martinez, V.; Martini, A.; Martins, J. C.; Martynov, D. V.; Marx, E. J.; Massaro, L.; Masserot, A.; Masso-Reid, M.; Mastrogiovanni, S.; Matcovich, T.; Matiushechkina, M.; Maurin, L.; Mavalvala, N.; Maxwell, N.; McCarrol, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McCormick, S.; McCuller, L.; McEachin, S.; McElhenny, C.; McGhee, G. I.; McGinn, J.; McGowan, K. B. M.; McIver, J.; McLeod, A.; McMahon, I.; McRae, T.; McTeague, R.; Meacher, D.; Meagher, B. N.; Mechum, R.; Meijer, Q.; Melatos, A.; Menoni, C. S.; Mera, F.; Mercer, R. A.; Mereni, L.; Merfeld, K.; Merilh, E. L.; Merritt, J. D.; Merzougui, M.; Messick, C.; Mestichelli, B.; Meyer-Conde, M.; Meylahn, F.; Mhaske, A.; Miani, A.; Miao, H.; Michel, C.; Michimura, Y.; Middleton, H.; Mihaylov, D. P.; Miller, S. J.; Millhouse, M.; Milotti, E.; Milotti, V.; Minenkov, Y.; Minihan, E. M.; Mir, Ll. M.; Mirasola, L.; Miravet-Tenés, M.; Miritescu, C.-A.; Mishra, A.; Mishra, C.; Mishra, T.; Mitchell, A. L.; Mitchell, J. G.; Mitman, K.; Mitra, S.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitsuhashi, K.; Mittleman, R.; Miyakawa, O.; Miyoki, S.; Miyoko, A.; Mo, G.; Mobilia, L.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Mohite, S. R.; Molina-Ruiz, M.; Mondin, M.; Montani, M.; Moore, C. J.; Moraru, D.; More, A.; More, S.; Moreno, C.; Moreno, E. A.; Moreno, G.; Moreso Serra, A.; Morisaki, S.; Moriwaki, Y.; Morras, G.; Moscatello, A.; Mould, M.; Mours, B.; Mow-Lowry, C. M.; Muccillo, L.; Muciaccia, F.; Mukherjee, D.; Samanwaya Mukherjee; Soma Mukherjee; Subroto Mukherjee; Suvodip Mukherjee; Mukund, N.; Mullavey, A.; Mullock, H.; Mundi, J.; Mungioli, C. L.; Murakoshi, M.; Murray, P. G.; Nabari, D.; Nadji, S. L.; Nagar, A.; Nagarajan, N.; Nakagaki, K.; Nakamura, K.; Nakano, H.; Nakano, M.; Nanadoumgar-Lacroze, D.; Nandi, D.; Napolano, V.; Narayan, P.; Nardecchia, I.; Narikawa, T.; Narola, H.; Naticchioni, L.; Nayak, R. K.; Negri, L.; Nela, A.; Nelle, C.; Nelson, A.; Nelson, T. J. N.; Nery, M.; Neunzert, A.; Ng, S.; Nguyen Quynh, L.; Nichols, S. A.; Nielsen, A. B.; Nishino, Y.; Nishizawa, A.; Nissanke, S.; Niu, W.; Nocera, F.; Noller, J.; Norman, M.; North, C.; Novak, J.; Nowicki, R.; Nuño Siles, J. F.; Nuttall, L. K.; O'Dell, J.; O'Hanlon, T.; O'Neal, B.; O'Reilly, B.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; O'Shea, S.; Obayashi, K.; Oberling, J.; Oelker, E.; Oertel, M.; Oganesyan, G.; Ohashi, M.; Ohme, F.; Oliveri, R.; Omer, R.; Onishi, M.; Oohara, K.; Orselli, M.; Oshino, S.; Osthelder, C.; Ota, I.; Ottaway, D. J.; Ouzriat, A.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Ozaki, R.; Pürrer, M.; Pálfi, M.; Périgois, C.; Pace, A. E.; Pagano, R.; 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doi:10.1103/kw5g-d732

Published September 10, 2025 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

1. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
2. Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
3. University of Salerno
4. INFN Sezione di Napoli
5. University of Warwick
6. Monash University
7. Pennsylvania State University
8. Leibniz University Hannover
9. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
10. California Institute of Technology
11. Louisiana State University
12. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
13. Centre de Physique Théorique
14. Université Catholique de Louvain
15. Queen Mary University of London
16. University of California, Davis
17. University of Minnesota
18. National Institute for Space Research
19. Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
20. University of Rome Tor Vergata
21. INFN Sezione di Roma II
22. University of Antwerp
23. International Centre for Theoretical Sciences
24. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
25. Cardiff University
26. Friedrich Schiller University Jena
27. INFN Sezione di Torino
28. INFN Sezione di Genova
29. University of Genoa
30. Université Savoie Mont Blanc
31. University of Naples Federico II
32. Australian National University
33. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
34. Maastricht University
35. National Institute for Subatomic Physics
36. INFN Sezione di Roma I
37. Sapienza University of Rome
38. Institut Fresnel
39. Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
40. University of Tokyo
41. Institute for High Energy Physics
42. Gran Sasso Science Institute
43. Gran Sasso National Laboratory
44. University of Florida
45. University of Udine
46. INFN Sezione di Trieste
47. Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
48. INFN Sezione di Perugia
49. University of Camerino
50. University of Washington
51. California State University, Fullerton
52. University of Strathclyde
53. Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
54. Georgia Institute of Technology
55. Royal Holloway University of London
56. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI
57. University of Urbino
58. INFN Sezione di Firenze
59. European Gravitational Observatory
60. University of Strasbourg
61. Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
62. King's College London
63. Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information
64. Osaka University
65. High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
66. Utrecht University
67. University of Western Australia
68. University of Portsmouth
69. University of Trento
70. Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications
71. University of Perugia
72. University of Oregon
73. Syracuse University
74. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
75. INFN Sezione di Pisa
76. University of Pisa
77. University of Barcelona
78. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya
79. University of Glasgow
80. Wigner Research Centre for Physics
81. Concordia University Wisconsin
82. Stanford University
83. University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
84. University of Padua
85. INFN Sezione di Padova
86. Institute for Plasma Research
87. Ghent University
88. Polish Academy of Sciences
89. Northwestern University
90. Universität Hamburg
91. University of the Balearic Islands
92. Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
93. University of Siena
94. Villanova University
95. University of Birmingham
96. Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
97. Kenyon College
98. Missouri University of Science and Technology
99. Indian Institute of Technology Madras
100. VU Amsterdam
101. Lomonosov Moscow State University
102. KU Leuven
103. Rochester Institute of Technology
104. Université Libre de Bruxelles
105. Bar-Ilan University
106. Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
107. University of British Columbia
108. University of Adelaide
109. French National Centre for Scientific Research
110. University of Rennes 1
111. Washington State University
112. Cornell University
113. Kastler-Brossel Laboratory
114. Christopher Newport University
115. University of Melbourne
116. University of Warsaw
117. University of Maryland, College Park
118. University of Milano-Bicocca
119. INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca
120. University of Santiago de Compostela
121. Institut Lumière Matière
122. University of Chicago
123. University of Arizona
124. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
125. University of Copenhagen
126. University of Guadalajara
127. Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology
128. Colorado State University
129. University of Valencia
130. National Central University
131. National Tsing Hua University
132. Charles Sturt University
133. Vanderbilt University
134. National Chiao Tung University
135. The University of Texas at Austin
136. Northeastern University
137. University of Toyama
138. Carleton College
139. University of Szeged
140. ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery
141. University of Cagliari
142. Brera Astronomical Observatory
143. Montana State University
144. University of Utah
145. Johns Hopkins University
146. University of Rhode Island
147. The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
148. University of Liège
149. University of Bologna
150. INFN Sezione di Bologna
151. University of Sassari
152. INFN-CNAF - Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
153. Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
154. Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
155. Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Caen
156. University of Sheffield
157. University of Manitoba
158. University of Florence
159. California State University, Long Beach
160. Marquette University
161. University of Parma
162. INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
163. Perimeter Institute
164. Mines ParisTech
165. University of Trieste
166. National Centre for Nuclear Research
167. Vrije Universiteit Brussel
168. University of Zurich
169. Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
170. Stony Brook University
171. Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
172. Montclair State University
173. Institute for Nuclear Research
174. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
175. University of Minho
176. Center for Particle Physics of Marseilles
177. Superconducting and other Innovative Materials and Devices Institute
178. University of Basilicata
179. Western Washington University
180. University of the West of Scotland
181. Barry University
182. Eötvös Loránd University
183. Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
184. University of Sannio
185. University of California, Berkeley
186. Institute for Theoretical Physics
187. Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
188. University of Southampton
189. University of California, Riverside
190. Roma Tre University
191. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
192. University of Nottingham
193. Ariel University
194. University of Mississippi
195. Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
196. Academia Sinica
197. Chinese University of Hong Kong
198. American University
199. University of Milan
200. INFN Sezione di Milano
201. Fukuoka University
202. University of Cambridge
203. Lancaster University
204. Nihon University
205. Niigata University
206. Tamkang University
207. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
208. Aoyama Gakuin University
209. Columbia University
210. Helmut Schmidt University
211. Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
212. Department of Atomic Energy
213. Observatory of Strasbourg
214. University of Białystok
215. National Astronomical Observatories
216. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
217. Sungkyunkwan University
218. Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
219. Chung-Ang University
220. University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
221. University of Ouagadougou
222. Ewha Womans University
223. National Institute for Mathematical Sciences
224. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
225. Chungnam National University
226. Nagoya University
227. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
228. Bard College
229. Institute of Mathematics
230. Technische Universität Braunschweig
231. Jagiellonian University
232. University of Montreal
233. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
234. Seoul National University
235. Inje University
236. National Cheng Kung University
237. St. Thomas University
238. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
239. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
240. Heidelberg University
241. Tokyo City University
242. Tsinghua University
243. Ryukoku University
244. University of Stavanger
245. Hiroshima University
246. University of Amsterdam
247. University College London
248. Paris Observatory
249. Laboratory Universe and Theories
250. University of Maryland, Baltimore County
251. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
252. Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
253. Institute for Complex Systems
254. Yonsei University
255. Hobart and William Smith Colleges
256. Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research
257. Kennesaw State University
258. Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées
259. University of Antioquia
260. Technical University of Madrid
261. National Institute of Technology
262. Trinity College
263. University of Ferrara
264. Toho University
265. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
266. Peking University
267. Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
268. Osaka Institute of Technology
269. Goddard Space Flight Center
270. Kōchi University
271. Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS de Lyon
272. Kyoto University
273. University of Catania
274. National Defense Academy of Japan
275. Eindhoven University of Technology
276. Beijing Normal University
277. Wuhan University

The gravitational-wave signal GW250114 was observed by the two LIGO detectors with a network matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 80. The signal was emitted by the coalescence of two black holes with near-equal masses m₁ = 33.6_(−0.8)^(+1.2)M⊙ and m₂ = 32.2_(−1.3)^(+0.8)M⊙, and small spins χ1,2 ≤ 0.26 (90% credibility) and negligible eccentricity e ≤ 0.03. Postmerger data excluding the peak region are consistent with the dominant quadrupolar (ℓ = |m| = 2) mode of a Kerr black hole and its first overtone. We constrain the modes' frequencies to ±30% of the Kerr spectrum, providing a test of the remnant's Kerr nature. We also examine Hawking's area law, also known as the second law of black hole mechanics, which states that the total area of the black hole event horizons cannot decrease with time. A range of analyses that exclude up to five of the strongest merger cycles confirm that the remnant area is larger than the sum of the initial areas to high credibility.

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Acknowledgement

This material is based upon work supported by NSF’s LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen, Germany, for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1), the Italian Center for Super Computing–CentroNazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the European Union NextGenerationEU, the Comunitat Autonòma de les Illes Balears through the Conselleria d’Educació i Universitats, the Conselleria d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union–European Regional Development Fund; the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek–Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Fund (BSF), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, the JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2402: 24103006, 24103005, and 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361, and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Computing Infrastructure Project of the Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), the AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Science Vanguard Research Program, the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and the Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK. Additional acknowledgements for support of individual authors may be found in [277].

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this Letter are openly available [232], embargo periods may apply.

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GW250114_supplement.pdf

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Additional details

PMID: 41004747

Is new version of: Discussion Paper: arXiv:2509.08054 (arXiv)
Is supplemented by: Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.16877102 (DOI); Other: https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-M2300033/public (URL)

National Science Foundation
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Max Planck Society
Australian Research Council
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Dutch Research Council
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Department of Science and Technology
Science and Engineering Research Board
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
European Commission
PRTR-C17.I1
Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital
CERCA Institution
Government of Catalonia
Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej
National Science Center
European Commission
European Commission
Foundation for Polish Science
Ministry of Science and Higher Education
Swiss National Science Foundation
Russian Science Foundation
European Commission
Royal Society
Scottish Funding Council
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
Institut des Origines de Lyon
Fund for Scientific Research
Research Foundation - Flanders
Conseil Régional d'Île-de-France
National Research, Development and Innovation Office
National Research Foundation of Korea
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
University Grants Committee
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Israel Science Foundation
United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation
Leverhulme Trust
National Science and Technology Council
United States Department of Energy
The Kavli Foundation
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2402: 24103006
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
24103005
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
2905: JP17H06358
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP17H06361
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JP17H06364
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
17H06133
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
20H05639
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
20A203: JP20H05854
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ministry of Science and ICT
Academia Sinica
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Vanguard International Semiconductor (Taiwan)
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
Simons Foundation
State of Niedersachsen
Italian Center for Super Computing
Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing
Comunitat Autonòma de les Illes Balears
Conselleria d'Educació i Universitats
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
Actions de Recherche Concertées
Research Corporation
Global Science experimental Data hub Center
AS Grid Center

Caltech groups: Astronomy Department, LIGO, TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
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GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

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GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes

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