A Wolf 359 in Sheep's Clothing: Hunting for Substellar Companions in the Fifth-closest System Using Combined High-contrast Imaging and Radial Velocity Analysis

Abstract

Copyright and License

© 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain.

R.B.R. would like to thank Mikko Tuomi and Ignasi Ribas for their collaboration to include the HARPS-TERRA and CARMENES radial velocity data products. R.B.R. also thanks Ester Linder, Jonathan Fortney, Andrew Skemer, Jorge Llop-Sayson, Andrew Howard, Caroline Morley, Kevin McKinnon, Kevin Wagner, Steve Ertl, Jason Wang, and Zack Breismeister for lending their scientific expertize. R.B.R. thanks Jules Fowler for their endless sound-boarding, python help, and the title suggestion for this paper.

The authors would like to acknowledge the Keck staff who supported this observation, including the observing assistants, Arina Rostopchina and Julie Renaud-Kim, and the instrument scientists, Carlos Alvarez and Greg Doppmann. We thank Charlotte Bond and Sam Ragland, who supported the operation of the pyramid wave-front sensor, and the following observers for their contribution in collecting the HIRES velocities: Isabel Angelo, Corey Beard, Aida Behmard, Sarah Blunt, Fei Dai, Paul Dalba, Benjamin Fulton, Steven Giacalone, Rae Holcomb, Emma Louden, Jack Lubin, Andrew Mayo, Daria Pidhorodetska, Alex Polanski, Malena Rice, Emma Turtelboom, Dakotah Tyler, Lauren Weiss, and Judah Van Zandt.

The data presented were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.

The University of Chicago group acknowledges funding for the MAROON-X project from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Gemini Observatory, the NSF (award No. 2108465), and NASA (grant No. 80NSSC22K0117). We thank the staff of the Gemini Observatory for their assistance with the commissioning and operation of the instrument. The Gemini observations are associated with programs GN-2021A-Q-119, GN-2021B-Q-122, and GN-2022A-Q-119.

G.S. acknowledges support provided by NASA through NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51519.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555.

J.M.A.M. is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant No. DGE-1842400. J.M.A.M. acknowledges the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining grant No. 1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work.

Software References

Software: QACTIS IDL software package (Huby et al. 2017), VIP: Vortex Imaging Processing python package (Gomez Gonzalez et al. 2017), Species (Stolker et al. 2020), Exo-DMC (Bonavita 2020), RVSearch (Rosenthal et al. 2021), radvel (Fulton et al. 2018), PanCAKE (Girard et al. 2018; Perrin et al. 2018; Carter et al. 2021), Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018, 2022).