Euclid preparation. LXXVI. Simulating thousands of Euclid spectroscopic skies

Euclid Collaboration; Monaco, P.; Parimbelli, G.; Elkhashab, M. Y.; Salvalaggio, J.; Castro, T.; Lepinzan, M. D.; Sarpa, E.; Sefusatti, E.; Stanco, L.; Tornatore, L.; Addison, G. E.; Bruton, S.; Carbone, C.; Castander, F. J.; Carretero, J.; de la Torre, S.; Fosalba, P.; Lavaux, G.; Lee, S.; Markovic, K.; McCarthy, K. S.; Passalacqua, F.; Percival, W. J.; Risso, I.; Scarlata, C.; Tallada-Crespí, P.; Viel, M.; Wang, Y.; Altieri, B.; Andreon, S.; Auricchio, N.; Baccigalupi, C.; Baldi, M.; Bardelli, S.; Battaglia, P.; Bernardeau, F.; Biviano, A.; Branchini, E.; Brescia, M.; Brinchmann, J.; Camera, S.; Cañas-Herrera, G.; Capobianco, V.; Cardone, V. F.; Casas, S.; Castellano, M.; Castignani, G.; Cavuoti, S.; Cimatti, A.; Colodro-Conde, C.; Congedo, G.; Conselice, C. J.; Conversi, L.; Copin, Y.; Courbin, F.; Courtois, H. M.; Da Silva, A.; Degaudenzi, H.; De Lucia, G.; Di Giorgio, A. M.; Dubath, F.; Ducret, F.; Duncan, C. A. J.; Dupac, X.; Dusini, S.; Ealet, A.; Escoffier, S.; Farina, M.; Farinelli, R.; Farrens, S.; Ferriol, S.; Finelli, F.; Fourmanoit, N.; Frailis, M.; Franceschi, E.; Fumana, M.; Galeotta, S.; George, K.; Gillis, B.; Giocoli, C.; Gracia-Carpio, J.; Grazian, A.; Grupp, F.; Guzzo, L.; Haugan, S. V. H.; Holmes, W.; Hormuth, F.; Hornstrup, A.; Jahnke, K.; Jhabvala, M.; Joachimi, B.; Keihänen, E.; Kermiche, S.; Kubik, B.; Kümmel, M.; Kunz, M.; Kurki-Suonio, H.; Le Brun, A. M. C.; Ligori, S.; Lilje, P. B.; Lindholm, V.; Lloro, I.; Maino, D.; Maiorano, E.; Mansutti, O.; Marggraf, O.; Martinelli, M.; Martinet, N.; Marulli, F.; Massey, R.; Medinaceli, E.; Mei, S.; Melchior, M.; Mellier, Y.; Meneghetti, M.; Merlin, E.; Meylan, G.; Mora, A.; Moresco, M.; Moscardini, L.; Munari, E.; Nakajima, R.; Neissner, C.; Niemi, S. -M.; Padilla, C.; Paltani, S.; Pasian, F.; Pedersen, K.; Pettorino, V.; Pires, S.; Polenta, G.; Poncet, M.; Popa, L. A.; Pozzetti, L.; Raison, F.; Renzi, A.; Rhodes, J.; Riccio, G.; Rizzo, F.; Romelli, E.; Roncarelli, M.; Saglia, R.; Sakr, Z.; Sánchez, A. G.; Sapone, D.; Sartoris, B.; Schneider, P.; Schrabback, T.; Scodeggio, M.; Secroun, A.; Seidel, G.; Seiffert, M.; Serrano, S.; Simon, P.; Sirignano, C.; Sirri, G.; Steinwagner, J.; Tavagnacco, D.; Taylor, A. N.; Tereno, I.; Tessore, N.; Toft, S.; Toledo-Moreo, R.; Torradeflot, F.; Tutusaus, I.; Valenziano, L.; Valiviita, J.; Vassallo, T.; Verdoes Kleijn, G.; Veropalumbo, A.; Weller, J.; Zamorani, G.; Zucca, E.; Allevato, V.; Ballardini, M.; Burigana, C.; Cabanac, R.; Calabrese, M.; Cappi, A.; Di Ferdinando, D.; Escartin Vigo, J. A.; Fabbian, G.; Gabarra, L.; Martín-Fleitas, J.; Matthew, S.; Mauri, N.; Metcalf, R. B.; Pezzotta, A.; Pöntinen, M.; Porciani, C.; Scottez, V.; Sereno, M.; Tenti, M.; Wiesmann, M.; Akrami, Y.; Alvi, S.; Andika, I. T.; Anselmi, S.; Archidiacono, M.; Atrio-Barandela, F.; Avila, S.; Balaguera-Antolinez, A.; Bergamini, P.; Bertacca, D.; Bethermin, M.; Blanchard, A.; Blot, L.; Borgani, S.; Brown, M. L.; Calabro, A.; Camacho Quevedo, B.; Caro, F.; Carvalho, C. S.; Cogato, F.; Conseil, S.; Contarini, S.; Cooray, A. R.; Cucciati, O.; Davini, S.; Desprez, G.; Díaz-Sánchez, A.; Diaz, J. J.; Di Domizio, S.; Diego, J. M.; Enia, A.; Fang, Y.; Ferrari, A. G.; Finoguenov, A.; Fontanot, F.; Franco, A.; Ganga, K.; García-Bellido, J.; Gasparetto, T.; Gautard, V.; Gaztanaga, E.; Giacomini, F.; Gianotti, F.; Gozaliasl, G.; Guidi, M.; Gutierrez, C. M.; Hall, A.; Hemmati, S.; Hernández-Monteagudo, C.; Hildebrandt, H.; Hjorth, J.; Joudaki, S.; Kajava, J. J. E.; Kang, Y.; Kansal, V.; Karagiannis, D.; Kiiveri, K.; Kirkpatrick, C. C.; Kruk, S.; Le Brun, V.; Le Graet, J.; Legrand, L.; Lembo, M.; Lepori, F.; Leroy, G.; Lesci, G. F.; Lesgourgues, J.; Leuzzi, L.; Liaudat, T. I.; Macias-Perez, J.; Maggio, G.; Magliocchetti, M.; Mancini, C.; Mannucci, F.; Maoli, R.; Martins, C. J. A. P.; Maurin, L.; Miluzio, M.; Montoro, A.; Moretti, C.; Morgante, G.; Nadathur, S.; Naidoo, K.; Navarro-Alsina, A.; Nesseris, S.; Paterson, K.; Pisani, A.; Potter, D.; Quai, S.; Radovich, M.; Rodighiero, G.; Sacquegna, S.; Sahlén, M.; Sanders, D. B.; Sciotti, D.; Sellentin, E.; Smith, L. C.; Sorce, J. G.; Tanidis, K.; Tao, C.; Testera, G.; Teyssier, R.; Tosi, S.; Troja, A.; Tucci, M.; Valieri, C.; Venhola, A.; Vernizzi, F.; Verza, G.; Vielzeuf, P.; Walton, N. A.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556459

Published December 2025 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

Euclid preparation. LXXVI. Simulating thousands of Euclid spectroscopic skies

1. University of Trieste
2. Trieste Astronomical Observatory
3. INFN Sezione di Trieste
4. ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
5. Institute of Space Sciences
6. University of Genoa
7. International School for Advanced Studies
8. Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
9. INFN Sezione di Padova
10. Johns Hopkins University
11. California Institute of Technology
12. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano
13. Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya
14. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
15. French National Centre for Scientific Research
16. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris
17. Jet Propulsion Lab
18. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe
19. University of Padua
20. University of Waterloo
21. Perimeter Institute
22. Brera Astronomical Observatory
23. INFN Sezione di Genova
24. University of Minnesota
25. European Space Astronomy Centre
26. INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129, Bologna, Italy
27. University of Bologna
28. INFN Sezione di Bologna
29. L'Institut de physique théorique
30. University of Naples Federico II
31. Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
32. University of Porto
33. European Southern Observatory
34. University of Turin
35. INFN Sezione di Torino
36. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
37. European Space Research and Technology Centre
38. Leiden University
39. INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
40. INFN Sezione di Roma I
41. RWTH Aachen University
42. INFN Sezione di Napoli
43. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
44. University of Edinburgh
45. University of Manchester
46. European Space Research Institute
47. Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
48. University of Barcelona
49. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
50. UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
51. University of Lisbon
52. University of Geneva
53. Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology
54. Center for Particle Physics of Marseilles
55. University of Paris
56. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
57. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
58. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
59. University of Milan
60. INFN Sezione di Milano
61. University of Oslo
62. Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181, Leimen, Germany
63. Technical University of Denmark
64. University of Copenhagen
65. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
66. Goddard Space Flight Center
67. University College London
68. University of Helsinki
69. Helsinki Institute of Physics
70. Sorbonne University
71. Square Kilometre Array Organisation
72. University of Bonn
73. Durham University
74. Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
75. CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA
76. University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland
77. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
78. Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
79. Institute for High Energy Physics
80. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
81. Centre National d'Études Spatiales
82. Institute of Space Science
83. Heidelberg University
84. Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology
85. Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
86. University of Chile
87. Universität Innsbruck
88. Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
89. Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
90. Polytechnic University of Cartagena
91. University of Groningen
92. University of Ferrara
93. INFN Sezione di Ferrara
94. National Institute for Astrophysics
95. Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA), Loc. Lignan 39, I-11020, Nus (Aosta Valley), Italy
96. Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
97. Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
98. Cardiff University
99. University of Oxford
100. Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
101. ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000, Lille, France
102. Institute for Theoretical Physics
103. Case Western Reserve University
104. Technical University of Munich
105. Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
106. University of Salamanca
107. Observatory of Strasbourg
108. University of Tokyo
109. University of California, Irvine
110. Institute of Physics of Cantabria
111. INFN Sezione di Lecce
112. University of Salento
113. INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
114. CEA Saclay
115. University of Portsmouth
116. Aalto University
117. University of La Laguna
118. Ruhr University Bochum
119. University of Turku
120. Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
121. Swinburne University of Technology
122. University of the Western Cape
123. University of Cambridge
124. University of Zurich
125. Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
126. Grenoble Institute of Technology
127. Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
128. Sapienza University of Rome
129. HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
130. Collurania Teramo Observatory
131. Uppsala University
132. University of Hawaii at Manoa
133. University of Lille
134. Princeton University
135. University of Oulu
136. Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA

We present two extensive sets of 3500+1000 simulations of dark matter haloes on the past light cone and two corresponding sets of simulated (mock) galaxy catalogues that represent the spectroscopic sample of Euclid. The simulations were produced with the latest version of the code Pinocchio and provide the largest public set of simulated skies. The mock galaxy catalogues were obtained by populating haloes with galaxies using an halo occupation distribution (HOD) model extracted from the Flagship galaxy catalogue provided by Euclid Collaboration. The Geppetto set of 3500 simulated skies was obtained by tiling a 1.2 h⁻¹ Gpc box to cover a light cone whose sky footprint is a circle with a radius of 30° for an area of 2763 deg² and a minimum halo mass of 1.5 × 10¹¹h⁻¹ M_⊙. The relatively small size of the box means that this set is unsuitable for measuring very large scales. The EuclidLargeBox set consists of 1000 simulations of 3.38 h⁻¹ Gpc and has the same mass resolution and a footprint that covers half of the sky. It excludes the Milky Way zone of avoidance. From this, we produced a set of 1000 EuclidLargeMocks on the 30° radius footprint, whose comoving volume is fully contained in the simulation box. We validated the two sets of catalogues by analysing number densities, power spectra, and two-point correlation functions to show that the Flagship spectroscopic catalogue is consistent with being one of the realisations of the simulated sets. We noted small deviations, however, that are limited to the quadrupole at k > 0.2 h Mpc⁻¹. We infer the cosmological parameters from these catalogues and demonstrate that using one realisation of EuclidLargeMocks in place of the Flagship mock produces the same posteriors to within the expected shift given by the sample variance. These simulated skies will be used for the galaxy clustering analysis of the Euclid Data Release 1 (DR1), and an even larger set of simulations is planned for the next releases.

Copyright and License

© The Authors 2025. Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Acknowledgement

The Euclid Consortium acknowledges the European Space Agency and a number of agencies and institutes that have supported the development of Euclid, in particular the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Austrian Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft funded through BMK, the Belgian Science Policy, the Canadian Euclid Consortium, the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, the DTU Space and the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark, the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the Netherlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie, the Norwegian Space Agency, the Research Council of Finland, the Romanian Space Agency, the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation (SERI) at the Swiss Space Office (SSO), and the United Kingdom Space Agency. A complete and detailed list is available on the Euclid web site (www.euclid-ec.org). This paper has been supported by: the Fondazione ICSC, Spoke 3 Astrophysics and Cosmos Observations. National Recovery and Resilience Plan (Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza, PNRR) Project ID CN_00000013 ‘Italian Research Center on High-Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing’ funded by MUR Missione 4 Componente 2 Investimento 1.4: Potenziamento strutture di ricerca e creazione di ‘campioni nazionali di R&S (M4C2-19 )’ – Next Generation EU (NGEU); by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.1, Call for tender No. 1409 published on 14.9.2022 by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR), funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU– Project Title ‘Space-based cosmology with Euclid: the role of High-Performance Computing’ – CUP J53D23019100001 – Grant Assignment Decree No. 962 adopted on 30/06/2023 by the Italian Ministry of Ministry of University and Research (MUR). Computing time was obtained from CINECA ISCRA-B grant ‘EuMocks’, from INFN and from the Pleiadi system of INAF. (Taffoni et al. 2020; Bertocco et al. 2020)

Data Availability

Simulated catalogues of dark matter haloes on the light cone are available at https://adlibitum.oats.inaf.it/pierluigi.monaco/euclidmocks.html, Euclid mock catalogues are available through the CosmoHub platform (Carretero et al. 2017; Tallada et al. 2020), https://cosmohub.pic.es.

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Euclid preparation. LXXVI. Simulating thousands of Euclid spectroscopic skies

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Euclid preparation. LXXVI. Simulating thousands of Euclid spectroscopic skies

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