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Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation
Nucleation measurements in CLOUD at CERN
Atmospheric implications
Online content
Fig. 1 Rapid growth events observed in the CERN CLOUD chamber.
Fig. 2 Chemical composition during a rapid growth event at +5 °C and 60% relative humidity.
Fig. 3 Phase space for rapid growth and nucleation.
Fig. 4 Conditions for rapid growth.
Extended Data Fig. 1 New-particle-formation events observed in various remote and urban environments (see Extended Data Table 3 for a complete set of references).
Extended Data Fig. 2 Activation diameter of newly formed particles.
Extended Data Fig. 3 A typical measurement sequence.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Comparison of growth rates and chemical composition in four simulations at +5 °C and −10 °C with the thermodynamic model MABNAG.
Extended Data Fig. 5 Combined particle-size distribution and total concentrations from four particle characterization instruments.
Extended Data Fig. 6 Determination of growth rate using the appearance-time method.
Extended Data Fig. 7 Saturation ratio as a function of temperature.
Extended Data Table 1 Conditions for all nucleation and growth experiments and nano-Köhler simulations discussed here.
Extended Data Table 2 Specifications of the four particle-sizing instruments used here.
Extended Data Table 3 Ambient particle-formation rates (J), growth rates (GR) and condensation sinks (CS) in various remote and urban environments.
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