of 15
Search for Gravitational-wave Signals Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts during the
Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
B. P. Abbott
1
, R. Abbott
1
, T. D. Abbott
2
, S. Abraham
3
, F. Acernese
4
,
5
, K. Ackley
6
, C. Adams
7
, R. X. Adhikari
1
, V. B. Adya
8
,
C. Affeldt
9
,
10
, M. Agathos
11
,
12
, K. Agatsuma
13
, N. Aggarwal
14
, O. D. Aguiar
15
, L. Aiello
16
,
17
, A. Ain
3
, P. Ajith
18
, G. Allen
19
,
A. Allocca
20
,
21
, M. A. Aloy
22
, P. A. Altin
8
, A. Amato
23
, S. Anand
1
, A. Ananyeva
1
, S. B. Anderson
1
, W. G. Anderson
24
,
S. V. Angelova
25
, S. Antier
26
, S. Appert
1
, K. Arai
1
, M. C. Araya
1
, J. S. Areeda
27
, M. Arène
26
, N. Arnaud
28
,
29
, S. M. Aronson
30
,
S. Ascenzi
16
,
31
, G. Ashton
6
, S. M. Aston
7
, P. Astone
32
, F. Aubin
33
, P. Aufmuth
10
, K. AultONeal
34
, C. Austin
2
, V. Avendano
35
,
A. Avila-Alvarez
27
, S. Babak
26
, P. Bacon
26
, F. Badaracco
16
,
17
, M. K. M. Bader
36
, S. Bae
37
, J. Baird
26
, P. T. Baker
38
,
F. Baldaccini
39
,
40
, G. Ballardin
29
, S. W. Ballmer
41
, A. Bals
34
, S. Banagiri
42
, J. C. Barayoga
1
, C. Barbieri
43
,
44
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45
,
B. C. Barish
1
, D. Barker
46
, K. Barkett
47
, S. Barnum
14
, F. Barone
5
,
48
, B. Barr
45
, L. Barsotti
14
, M. Barsuglia
26
, D. Barta
49
,
J. Bartlett
46
, I. Bartos
30
, R. Bassiri
50
, A. Basti
20
,
21
, M. Bawaj
40
,
51
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45
, M. Bazzan
52
,
53
, B. Bécsy
54
, M. Bejger
26
,
55
,
I. Belahcene
28
, A. S. Bell
45
, D. Beniwal
56
, M. G. Benjamin
34
, B. K. Berger
50
, G. Bergmann
9
,
10
, S. Bernuzzi
11
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57
,
D. Bersanetti
58
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36
, J. Betzwieser
7
, R. Bhandare
59
, J. Bidler
27
, E. Biggs
24
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60
, S. A. Bilgili
38
, G. Billingsley
1
,
R. Birney
25
, O. Birnholtz
61
, S. Biscans
1
,
14
, M. Bischi
62
,
63
, S. Biscoveanu
14
, A. Bisht
10
, M. Bitossi
21
,
29
, M. A. Bizouard
64
,
J. K. Blackburn
1
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47
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7
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65
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46
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66
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67
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68
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9
,
10
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64
,
Y. Boetzel
69
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64
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70
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33
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9
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10
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36
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1
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29
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3
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65
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65
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52
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53
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29
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21
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24
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7
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16
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17
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71
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11
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72
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45
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62
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63
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64
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9
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10
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24
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1
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29
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56
, S. Brunett
1
, A. Buikema
14
, T. Bulik
73
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36
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74
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75
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76
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33
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26
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50
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9
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77
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78
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1
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6
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5
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80
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1
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The Astrophysical Journal,
886:75
(
15pp
)
, 2019 November 20
https:
//
doi.org
/
10.3847
/
1538-4357
/
ab4b48
© 2019. The American Astronomical Society.
1
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The LIGO Scienti
fi
c Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration,
and
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192
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IPN Collaboration,
Francesco Carotenuto
32
,
118
, and Badri Krishnan
9
,
10
1
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA;
lsc-spokesperson@ligo.org
,
virgo-spokesperson@ego-gw.it
2
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
3
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
4
Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
5
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
6
OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
7
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
8
OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
9
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
(
Albert Einstein Institute
)
, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
10
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
11
Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
12
University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
13
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
14
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
15
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
16
Gran Sasso Science Institute
(
GSSI
)
, I-67100 L
Aquila, Italy
17
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
18
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
19
NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
20
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
21
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
3
The Astrophysical Journal,
886:75
(
15pp
)
, 2019 November 20
Abbott et al.
22
Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
23
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés
(
LMA
)
, CNRS
/
IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
24
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
25
SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
26
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS
/
IN2P3, CEA
/
Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13,
France
27
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
28
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS
/
IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France
29
European Gravitational Observatory
(
EGO
)
, I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
30
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
31
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
32
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
33
Laboratoire d
Annecy de Physique des Particules
(
LAPP
)
, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS
/
IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France
34
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
35
Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
36
Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
37
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
38
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
39
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
40
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
41
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
42
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
43
Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
44
INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
45
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
46
LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
47
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
48
Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria
Scuola Medica Salernitana,
Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
49
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
50
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
51
Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
52
Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
53
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
54
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
55
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
56
OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
57
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics
(
CIERA
)
, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
58
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
59
RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
60
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
61
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
62
Università degli Studi di Urbino
Carlo Bo,
I-61029 Urbino, Italy
63
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
64
Artemis, Université Côte d
Azur, Observatoire Côte d
Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
65
OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
66
Department of Astrophysics
/
IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
67
Dipartimento di Fisica
E.R. Caianiello,
Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
68
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
69
Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
70
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR6082, F-3500 Rennes, France
71
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
72
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
73
Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
74
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
75
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
(
Albert Einstein Institute
)
, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
76
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
77
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
78
Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CN
RS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
79
Università di Napoli
Federico II,
Complesso Universitario di Monte
S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
80
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
81
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
82
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
83
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People
s Republic of China
84
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
85
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
86
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
87
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
88
Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche
Enrico Fermi,
I-00184 Roma, Italy
89
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
90
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
91
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
92
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
93
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
94
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale
(
DIIN
)
, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
95
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
96
Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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)
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Carleton College, North
fi
eld, MN 55057, USA
98
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
99
OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
100
Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3
IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
101
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
102
Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
103
Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
104
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
105
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
106
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
107
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
108
Bellevue College, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
109
MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
110
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
111
The University of Shef
fi
eld, Shef
fi
eld S10 2TN, UK
112
IGFAE, Campus Sur, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
113
Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
114
INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
115
Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
116
Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
117
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
118
Università di Roma
La Sapienza,
I-00185 Roma, Italy
119
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
120
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
121
Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
122
CNR-SPIN, c
/
o Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
123
Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
124
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
125
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
126
INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
127
School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
128
Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, India
129
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
130
University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
131
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
132
California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
133
Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
134
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
135
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
136
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
137
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
138
American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
139
University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, UK
140
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
141
GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterda
m,
The Netherlands
142
Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, Science Park 904, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
143
Directorate of Construction, Services & Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
144
University of Bia
ł
ystok, 15-424 Bia
ł
ystok, Poland
145
King
s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
146
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
147
University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
148
Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
149
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
150
Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Republic of Korea
151
National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
152
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
153
Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
154
Bard College, 30 Campus Rd., Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 12504, USA
155
Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
156
NCBJ, 05-400
Ś
wierk-Otwock, Poland
157
Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
158
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
159
Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA
160
Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
161
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
162
Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amster
dam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
163
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35811, USA
164
Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
165
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
166
ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
167
OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
168
Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
169
Centre Scienti
fi
que de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Monaco
170
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
171
IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
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Institut für Kernphysik, Theoriezentrum, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
173
Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
174
Université de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon, France
175
Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
176
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
177
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
178
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
179
Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação
(
CENTRA
)
, Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
180
Marquette University, 11420 W. Clybourn St., Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
181
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Gujarat 382424, India
182
Université de Montréal
/
Polytechnique, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
183
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Khandi, Telangana 502285, India
184
INAF, Osservatorio di Astro
fi
sica e Scienza dello Spazio, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
185
International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN 59078-970, Brazil
186
Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, USA
187
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA
188
Max Planck Institute for Gravitationalphysik
(
Albert Einstein Institute
)
, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
189
Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
190
Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
191
Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
192
Ioffe Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
193
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
194
Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
195
University of California, Berkeley, Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
Received 2019 August 7; revised 2019 October 3; accepted 2019 October 3; published 2019 November 21
Abstract
We present the results of targeted searches for gravitational-wave transients associated with gamma-ray bursts
during the second observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, which took place from 2016 November
to 2017 August. We have analyzed 98 gamma-ray bursts using an unmodeled search method that searches for
generic transient gravitational waves and 42 with a modeled search method that targets compact-binary mergers as
progenitors of short gamma-ray bursts. Both methods clearly detect the previously reported binary merger signal
GW170817, with
p
-values of
<
9.38
×
10
6
(
modeled
)
and 3.1
×
10
4
(
unmodeled
)
. We do not
fi
nd any
signi
fi
cant evidence for gravitational-wave signals associated with the other gamma-ray bursts analyzed, and
therefore we report lower bounds on the distance to each of these, assuming various source types and signal
morphologies. Using our
fi
nal modeled search results, short gamma-ray burst observations, and assuming binary
neutron star progenitors, we place bounds on the rate of short gamma-ray bursts as a function of redshift for
z
„
1.
We estimate 0.07
1.80 joint detections with
Fermi
-GBM per year for the 2019
20 LIGO-Virgo observing run and
0.15
3.90 per year when current gravitational-wave detectors are operating at their design sensitivities.
Uni
fi
ed Astronomy Thesaurus concepts:
Gravitational wave astronomy
(
675
)
;
Gravitational wave sources
(
677
)
;
LIGO
(
920
)
;
Gravitational waves
(
678
)
;
Gamma-ray bursts
(
629
)
;
Burst astrophysics
(
187
)
;
High energy
astrophysics
(
739
)
1. Introduction
Gamma-ray bursts
(
GRBs
)
are high-energy astrophysical
transients originating throughout the universe that are observed
more than once per day on average. The prompt gamma-ray
emission is thought to emanate from highly relativistic jets
powered by matter interacting with a compact central object such
as an accreting black hole
(
BH
)
or a magnetar
(
Woosley
1993
)
.
Broadly speaking, GRBs are div
ided into two subpopulations
basedondurationandspectralhardness
(
Kouveliotou et al.
1993
)
.
Long-soft bursts generally have durations
2 s. The favored
model is the core-collapse supernova
(
SN
)
of a rapidly rotating
massive star
(
Woosley & Bloom
2006
;Möstaetal.
2015
)
.This
connection was observationally supported by the presence of
SN
1998bw within the error box of the long GRB
980425
(
Galama et al.
1998
)
and the later strong association of SN
2003dh
with GRB
030329
(
Hjorth et al.
2003
;Staneketal.
2003
)
.The
core-collapse process will produce some gravitational radiation
(
Fryer & New
2011
)
. Rotational instabilities may give rise to much
more signi
fi
cant gravitational-wave
(
GW
)
emission, however, and
could be observable from beyond the Milky Way
(
Davies et al.
2002
; Fryer et al.
2002
; Kobayashi & Meszaros
2003
;Shibata
et al.
2003
;Piro&Pfahl
2007
; Corsi & Meszaros
2009
;Romero
et al.
2010
; Gossan et al.
2016
)
.
Neutron star
(
NS
)
binaries have long been proposed as
the progenitors of short-hard GRBs
(
Blinnikov et al.
1984
;
Paczynski
1986
; Eichler et al.
1989
; Narayan et al.
1992
)
.The
detection of the GW transient GW170817, an NS binary merger
(
Abbott et al.
2017a
,
2017e
,
2019b
)
, in coincidence with the
short GRB
170817A
(
Goldstein et al.
2017
; Savchenko et al.
2017
)
,con
fi
rmed that such mergers can produce short GRBs.
An optical detection of a counterpart
(
Coulter et al.
2017
)
was
followed by panchromatic observations identifying kilonova and
afterglow emission
(
see Abbott et al.
2017f
, and references
therein
)
.
The unusually low
fl
ux of GRB
170817A and its light-curve
evolution suggested an off-axis GRB with a relativistic
structured jet or cocoon that either propagated into the universe
196
Deceased, 2018 July.
Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence
. Any further
distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author
(
s
)
and the title
of the work, journal citation and DOI.
6
The Astrophysical Journal,
886:75
(
15pp
)
, 2019 November 20
Abbott et al.