Constraining the
p
-mode–
g
-mode tidal instability with GW170817
B. P. Abbott,
1
R. Abbott,
1
T. D. Abbott,
2
F. Acernese,
3, 4
K. Ackley,
5
C. Adams,
6
T. Adams,
7
P. Addesso,
8
R. X. Adhikari,
1
V. B. Adya,
9, 10
C. Affeldt,
9, 10
B. Agarwal,
11
M. Agathos,
12
K. Agatsuma,
13
N. Aggarwal,
14
O. D. Aguiar,
15
L. Aiello,
16, 17
A. Ain,
18
P. Ajith,
19
B. Allen,
9, 20, 10
G. Allen,
11
A. Allocca,
21, 22
M. A. Aloy,
23
P. A. Altin,
24
A. Amato,
25
A. Ananyeva,
1
S. B. Anderson,
1
W. G. Anderson,
20
S. V. Angelova,
26
S. Antier,
27
S. Appert,
1
K. Arai,
1
M. C. Araya,
1
J. S. Areeda,
28
M. Ar`ene,
29
N. Arnaud,
27, 30
K. G. Arun,
31
S. Ascenzi,
32, 33
G. Ashton,
5
M. Ast,
34
S. M. Aston,
6
P. Astone,
35
D. V. Atallah,
36
F. Aubin,
7
P. Aufmuth,
10
C. Aulbert,
9
K. AultONeal,
37
C. Austin,
2
A. Avila-Alvarez,
28
S. Babak,
38, 29
P. Bacon,
29
F. Badaracco,
16, 17
M. K. M. Bader,
13
S. Bae,
39
P. T. Baker,
40
F. Baldaccini,
41, 42
G. Ballardin,
30
S. W. Ballmer,
43
S. Banagiri,
44
J. C. Barayoga,
1
S. E. Barclay,
45
B. C. Barish,
1
D. Barker,
46
K. Barkett,
47
S. Barnum,
14
F. Barone,
3, 4
B. Barr,
45
L. Barsotti,
14
M. Barsuglia,
29
D. Barta,
48
J. Bartlett,
46
I. Bartos,
49
R. Bassiri,
50
A. Basti,
21, 22
J. C. Batch,
46
M. Bawaj,
51, 42
J. C. Bayley,
45
M. Bazzan,
52, 53
B. B ́ecsy,
54
C. Beer,
9
M. Bejger,
55
I. Belahcene,
27
A. S. Bell,
45
D. Beniwal,
56
M. Bensch,
9, 10
B. K. Berger,
1
G. Bergmann,
9, 10
S. Bernuzzi,
57, 58
J. J. Bero,
59
C. P. L. Berry,
60
D. Bersanetti,
61
A. Bertolini,
13
J. Betzwieser,
6
R. Bhandare,
62
I. A. Bilenko,
63
S. A. Bilgili,
40
G. Billingsley,
1
C. R. Billman,
49
J. Birch,
6
R. Birney,
26
O. Birnholtz,
59
S. Biscans,
1, 14
S. Biscoveanu,
5
A. Bisht,
9, 10
M. Bitossi,
30, 22
M. A. Bizouard,
27
J. K. Blackburn,
1
J. Blackman,
47
C. D. Blair,
6
D. G. Blair,
64
R. M. Blair,
46
S. Bloemen,
65
O. Bock,
9
N. Bode,
9, 10
M. Boer,
66
Y. Boetzel,
67
G. Bogaert,
66
A. Bohe,
38
F. Bondu,
68
E. Bonilla,
50
R. Bonnand,
7
P. Booker,
9, 10
B. A. Boom,
13
C. D. Booth,
36
R. Bork,
1
V. Boschi,
30
S. Bose,
69, 18
K. Bossie,
6
V. Bossilkov,
64
J. Bosveld,
64
Y. Bouffanais,
29
A. Bozzi,
30
C. Bradaschia,
22
P. R. Brady,
20
A. Bramley,
6
M. Branchesi,
16, 17
J. E. Brau,
70
T. Briant,
71
F. Brighenti,
72, 73
A. Brillet,
66
M. Brinkmann,
9, 10
V. Brisson,
27,
∗
P. Brockill,
20
A. F. Brooks,
1
D. D. Brown,
56
S. Brunett,
1
C. C. Buchanan,
2
A. Buikema,
14
T. Bulik,
74
H. J. Bulten,
75, 13
A. Buonanno,
38, 76
D. Buskulic,
7
C. Buy,
29
R. L. Byer,
50
M. Cabero,
9
L. Cadonati,
77
G. Cagnoli,
25, 78
C. Cahillane,
1
J. Calder ́on Bustillo,
77
T. A. Callister,
1
E. Calloni,
79, 4
J. B. Camp,
80
M. Canepa,
81, 61
P. Canizares,
65
K. C. Cannon,
82
H. Cao,
56
J. Cao,
83
C. D. Capano,
9
E. Capocasa,
29
F. Carbognani,
30
S. Caride,
84
M. F. Carney,
85
J. Casanueva Diaz,
22
C. Casentini,
32, 33
S. Caudill,
13, 20
M. Cavagli`a,
86
F. Cavalier,
27
R. Cavalieri,
30
G. Cella,
22
C. B. Cepeda,
1
P. Cerd ́a-Dur ́an,
23
G. Cerretani,
21, 22
E. Cesarini,
87, 33
O. Chaibi,
66
S. J. Chamberlin,
88
M. Chan,
45
S. Chao,
89
P. Charlton,
90
E. Chase,
91
E. Chassande-Mottin,
29
D. Chatterjee,
20
Katerina Chatziioannou,
92
B. D. Cheeseboro,
40
H. Y. Chen,
93
X. Chen,
64
Y. Chen,
47
H.-P. Cheng,
49
H. Y. Chia,
49
A. Chincarini,
61
A. Chiummo,
30
T. Chmiel,
85
H. S. Cho,
94
M. Cho,
76
J. H. Chow,
24
N. Christensen,
95, 66
Q. Chu,
64
A. J. K. Chua,
47
S. Chua,
71
K. W. Chung,
96
S. Chung,
64
G. Ciani,
52, 53, 49
A. A. Ciobanu,
56
R. Ciolfi,
97, 98
F. Cipriano,
66
C. E. Cirelli,
50
A. Cirone,
81, 61
F. Clara,
46
J. A. Clark,
77
P. Clearwater,
99
F. Cleva,
66
C. Cocchieri,
86
E. Coccia,
16, 17
P.-F. Cohadon,
71
D. Cohen,
27
A. Colla,
100, 35
C. G. Collette,
101
C. Collins,
60
L. R. Cominsky,
102
M. Constancio Jr.,
15
L. Conti,
53
S. J. Cooper,
60
P. Corban,
6
T. R. Corbitt,
2
I. Cordero-Carri ́on,
103
K. R. Corley,
104
N. Cornish,
105
A. Corsi,
84
S. Cortese,
30
C. A. Costa,
15
R. Cotesta,
38
M. W. Coughlin,
1
S. B. Coughlin,
36, 91
J.-P. Coulon,
66
S. T. Countryman,
104
P. Couvares,
1
P. B. Covas,
106
E. E. Cowan,
77
D. M. Coward,
64
M. J. Cowart,
6
D. C. Coyne,
1
R. Coyne,
107
J. D. E. Creighton,
20
T. D. Creighton,
108
J. Cripe,
2
S. G. Crowder,
109
T. J. Cullen,
2
A. Cumming,
45
L. Cunningham,
45
E. Cuoco,
30
T. Dal Canton,
80
G. D ́alya,
54
S. L. Danilishin,
10, 9
S. D’Antonio,
33
K. Danzmann,
9, 10
A. Dasgupta,
110
C. F. Da Silva Costa,
49
V. Dattilo,
30
I. Dave,
62
M. Davier,
27
D. Davis,
43
E. J. Daw,
111
B. Day,
77
D. DeBra,
50
M. Deenadayalan,
18
J. Degallaix,
25
M. De Laurentis,
79, 4
S. Del ́eglise,
71
W. Del Pozzo,
21, 22
N. Demos,
14
T. Denker,
9, 10
T. Dent,
9
R. De Pietri,
57, 58
J. Derby,
28
V. Dergachev,
9
R. De Rosa,
79, 4
C. De Rossi,
25, 30
R. DeSalvo,
112
O. de Varona,
9, 10
S. Dhurandhar,
18
M. C. D ́ıaz,
108
L. Di Fiore,
4
M. Di Giovanni,
113, 98
T. Di Girolamo,
79, 4
A. Di Lieto,
21, 22
B. Ding,
101
S. Di Pace,
100, 35
I. Di Palma,
100, 35
F. Di Renzo,
21, 22
A. Dmitriev,
60
Z. Doctor,
93
V. Dolique,
25
F. Donovan,
14
K. L. Dooley,
36, 86
S. Doravari,
9, 10
I. Dorrington,
36
M. Dovale
́
Alvarez,
60
T. P. Downes,
20
M. Drago,
9, 16, 17
C. Dreissigacker,
9, 10
J. C. Driggers,
46
Z. Du,
83
P. Dupej,
45
S. E. Dwyer,
46
P. J. Easter,
5
T. B. Edo,
111
M. C. Edwards,
95
A. Effler,
6
H.-B. Eggenstein,
9, 10
P. Ehrens,
1
J. Eichholz,
1
S. S. Eikenberry,
49
M. Eisenmann,
7
R. A. Eisenstein,
14
R. C. Essick,
93
H. Estelles,
106
D. Estevez,
7
Z. B. Etienne,
40
T. Etzel,
1
M. Evans,
14
T. M. Evans,
6
V. Fafone,
32, 33, 16
H. Fair,
43
S. Fairhurst,
36
X. Fan,
83
S. Farinon,
61
B. Farr,
70
W. M. Farr,
60
E. J. Fauchon-Jones,
36
M. Favata,
114
M. Fays,
36
C. Fee,
85
H. Fehrmann,
9
J. Feicht,
1
M. M. Fejer,
50
F. Feng,
29
A. Fernandez-Galiana,
14
I. Ferrante,
21, 22
E. C. Ferreira,
15
F. Ferrini,
30
F. Fidecaro,
21, 22
I. Fiori,
30
D. Fiorucci,
29
M. Fishbach,
93
R. P. Fisher,
43
J. M. Fishner,
14
M. Fitz-Axen,
44
R. Flaminio,
7, 115
M. Fletcher,
45
H. Fong,
116
J. A. Font,
23, 117
P. W. F. Forsyth,
24
S. S. Forsyth,
77
J.-D. Fournier,
66
S. Frasca,
100, 35
F. Frasconi,
22
Z. Frei,
54
A. Freise,
60
R. Frey,
70
V. Frey,
27
P. Fritschel,
14
V. V. Frolov,
6
P. Fulda,
49
M. Fyffe,
6
H. A. Gabbard,
45
B. U. Gadre,
18
S. M. Gaebel,
60
J. R. Gair,
118
arXiv:1808.08676v3 [astro-ph.HE] 19 Sep 2018
2
L. Gammaitoni,
41
M. R. Ganija,
56
S. G. Gaonkar,
18
A. Garcia,
28
C. Garc ́ıa-Quir ́os,
106
F. Garufi,
79, 4
B. Gateley,
46
S. Gaudio,
37
G. Gaur,
119
V. Gayathri,
120
G. Gemme,
61
E. Genin,
30
A. Gennai,
22
D. George,
11
J. George,
62
L. Gergely,
121
V. Germain,
7
S. Ghonge,
77
Abhirup Ghosh,
19
Archisman Ghosh,
13
S. Ghosh,
20
B. Giacomazzo,
113, 98
J. A. Giaime,
2, 6
K. D. Giardina,
6
A. Giazotto,
22,
†
K. Gill,
37
G. Giordano,
3, 4
L. Glover,
112
E. Goetz,
46
R. Goetz,
49
B. Goncharov,
5
G. Gonz ́alez,
2
J. M. Gonzalez Castro,
21, 22
A. Gopakumar,
122
M. L. Gorodetsky,
63
S. E. Gossan,
1
M. Gosselin,
30
R. Gouaty,
7
A. Grado,
123, 4
C. Graef,
45
M. Granata,
25
A. Grant,
45
S. Gras,
14
C. Gray,
46
G. Greco,
72, 73
A. C. Green,
60
R. Green,
36
E. M. Gretarsson,
37
P. Groot,
65
H. Grote,
36
S. Grunewald,
38
P. Gruning,
27
G. M. Guidi,
72, 73
H. K. Gulati,
110
X. Guo,
83
A. Gupta,
88
M. K. Gupta,
110
K. E. Gushwa,
1
E. K. Gustafson,
1
R. Gustafson,
124
O. Halim,
17, 16
B. R. Hall,
69
E. D. Hall,
14
E. Z. Hamilton,
36
H. F. Hamilton,
125
G. Hammond,
45
M. Haney,
67
M. M. Hanke,
9, 10
J. Hanks,
46
C. Hanna,
88
M. D. Hannam,
36
O. A. Hannuksela,
96
J. Hanson,
6
T. Hardwick,
2
J. Harms,
16, 17
G. M. Harry,
126
I. W. Harry,
38
M. J. Hart,
45
C.-J. Haster,
116
K. Haughian,
45
J. Healy,
59
A. Heidmann,
71
M. C. Heintze,
6
H. Heitmann,
66
P. Hello,
27
G. Hemming,
30
M. Hendry,
45
I. S. Heng,
45
J. Hennig,
45
A. W. Heptonstall,
1
F. J. Hernandez,
5
M. Heurs,
9, 10
S. Hild,
45
T. Hinderer,
65
D. Hoak,
30
S. Hochheim,
9, 10
D. Hofman,
25
N. A. Holland,
24
K. Holt,
6
D. E. Holz,
93
P. Hopkins,
36
C. Horst,
20
J. Hough,
45
E. A. Houston,
45
E. J. Howell,
64
A. Hreibi,
66
E. A. Huerta,
11
D. Huet,
27
B. Hughey,
37
M. Hulko,
1
S. Husa,
106
S. H. Huttner,
45
T. Huynh-Dinh,
6
A. Iess,
32, 33
N. Indik,
9
C. Ingram,
56
R. Inta,
84
G. Intini,
100, 35
H. N. Isa,
45
J.-M. Isac,
71
M. Isi,
1
B. R. Iyer,
19
K. Izumi,
46
T. Jacqmin,
71
K. Jani,
77
P. Jaranowski,
127
D. S. Johnson,
11
W. W. Johnson,
2
D. I. Jones,
128
R. Jones,
45
R. J. G. Jonker,
13
L. Ju,
64
J. Junker,
9, 10
C. V. Kalaghatgi,
36
V. Kalogera,
91
B. Kamai,
1
S. Kandhasamy,
6
G. Kang,
39
J. B. Kanner,
1
S. J. Kapadia,
20
S. Karki,
70
K. S. Karvinen,
9, 10
M. Kasprzack,
2
M. Katolik,
11
S. Katsanevas,
30
E. Katsavounidis,
14
W. Katzman,
6
S. Kaufer,
9, 10
K. Kawabe,
46
N. V. Keerthana,
18
F. K ́ef ́elian,
66
D. Keitel,
45
A. J. Kemball,
11
R. Kennedy,
111
J. S. Key,
129
F. Y. Khalili,
63
B. Khamesra,
77
H. Khan,
28
I. Khan,
16, 33
S. Khan,
9
Z. Khan,
110
E. A. Khazanov,
130
N. Kijbunchoo,
24
Chunglee Kim,
131
J. C. Kim,
132
K. Kim,
96
W. Kim,
56
W. S. Kim,
133
Y.-M. Kim,
134
E. J. King,
56
P. J. King,
46
M. Kinley-Hanlon,
126
R. Kirchhoff,
9, 10
J. S. Kissel,
46
L. Kleybolte,
34
S. Klimenko,
49
T. D. Knowles,
40
P. Koch,
9, 10
S. M. Koehlenbeck,
9, 10
S. Koley,
13
V. Kondrashov,
1
A. Kontos,
14
M. Korobko,
34
W. Z. Korth,
1
I. Kowalska,
74
D. B. Kozak,
1
C. Kr ̈amer,
9
V. Kringel,
9, 10
B. Krishnan,
9
A. Kr ́olak,
135, 136
G. Kuehn,
9, 10
P. Kumar,
137
R. Kumar,
110
S. Kumar,
19
L. Kuo,
89
A. Kutynia,
135
S. Kwang,
20
B. D. Lackey,
38
K. H. Lai,
96
M. Landry,
46
R. N. Lang,
138
J. Lange,
59
B. Lantz,
50
R. K. Lanza,
14
A. Lartaux-Vollard,
27
P. D. Lasky,
5
M. Laxen,
6
A. Lazzarini,
1
C. Lazzaro,
53
P. Leaci,
100, 35
S. Leavey,
9, 10
C. H. Lee,
94
H. K. Lee,
139
H. M. Lee,
131
H. W. Lee,
132
K. Lee,
45
J. Lehmann,
9, 10
A. Lenon,
40
M. Leonardi,
9, 10, 115
N. Leroy,
27
N. Letendre,
7
Y. Levin,
5
J. Li,
83
T. G. F. Li,
96
X. Li,
47
S. D. Linker,
112
T. B. Littenberg,
140
J. Liu,
64
X. Liu,
20
R. K. L. Lo,
96
N. A. Lockerbie,
26
L. T. London,
36
A. Longo,
141, 142
M. Lorenzini,
16, 17
V. Loriette,
143
M. Lormand,
6
G. Losurdo,
22
J. D. Lough,
9, 10
G. Lovelace,
28
H. L ̈uck,
9, 10
D. Lumaca,
32, 33
A. P. Lundgren,
9
R. Lynch,
14
Y. Ma,
47
R. Macas,
36
S. Macfoy,
26
B. Machenschalk,
9
M. MacInnis,
14
D. M. Macleod,
36
I. Maga ̃na Hernandez,
20
F. Maga ̃na-Sandoval,
43
L. Maga ̃na Zertuche,
86
R. M. Magee,
88
E. Majorana,
35
I. Maksimovic,
143
N. Man,
66
V. Mandic,
44
V. Mangano,
45
G. L. Mansell,
24
M. Manske,
20, 24
M. Mantovani,
30
F. Marchesoni,
51, 42
F. Marion,
7
S. M ́arka,
104
Z. M ́arka,
104
C. Markakis,
11
A. S. Markosyan,
50
A. Markowitz,
1
E. Maros,
1
A. Marquina,
103
F. Martelli,
72, 73
L. Martellini,
66
I. W. Martin,
45
R. M. Martin,
114
D. V. Martynov,
14
K. Mason,
14
E. Massera,
111
A. Masserot,
7
T. J. Massinger,
1
M. Masso-Reid,
45
S. Mastrogiovanni,
100, 35
A. Matas,
44
F. Matichard,
1, 14
L. Matone,
104
N. Mavalvala,
14
N. Mazumder,
69
J. J. McCann,
64
R. McCarthy,
46
D. E. McClelland,
24
S. McCormick,
6
L. McCuller,
14
S. C. McGuire,
144
J. McIver,
1
D. J. McManus,
24
T. McRae,
24
S. T. McWilliams,
40
D. Meacher,
88
G. D. Meadors,
5
M. Mehmet,
9, 10
J. Meidam,
13
E. Mejuto-Villa,
8
A. Melatos,
99
G. Mendell,
46
D. Mendoza-Gandara,
9, 10
R. A. Mercer,
20
L. Mereni,
25
E. L. Merilh,
46
M. Merzougui,
66
S. Meshkov,
1
C. Messenger,
45
C. Messick,
88
R. Metzdorff,
71
P. M. Meyers,
44
H. Miao,
60
C. Michel,
25
H. Middleton,
99
E. E. Mikhailov,
145
L. Milano,
79, 4
A. L. Miller,
49
A. Miller,
100, 35
B. B. Miller,
91
J. Miller,
14
M. Millhouse,
105
J. Mills,
36
M. C. Milovich-Goff,
112
O. Minazzoli,
66, 146
Y. Minenkov,
33
J. Ming,
9, 10
C. Mishra,
147
S. Mitra,
18
V. P. Mitrofanov,
63
G. Mitselmakher,
49
R. Mittleman,
14
D. Moffa,
85
K. Mogushi,
86
M. Mohan,
30
S. R. P. Mohapatra,
14
M. Montani,
72, 73
C. J. Moore,
12
D. Moraru,
46
G. Moreno,
46
S. Morisaki,
82
B. Mours,
7
C. M. Mow-Lowry,
60
G. Mueller,
49
A. W. Muir,
36
Arunava Mukherjee,
9, 10
D. Mukherjee,
20
S. Mukherjee,
108
N. Mukund,
18
A. Mullavey,
6
J. Munch,
56
E. A. Mu ̃niz,
43
M. Muratore,
37
P. G. Murray,
45
A. Nagar,
87, 148, 149
K. Napier,
77
I. Nardecchia,
32, 33
L. Naticchioni,
100, 35
R. K. Nayak,
150
J. Neilson,
112
G. Nelemans,
65, 13
T. J. N. Nelson,
6
M. Nery,
9, 10
A. Neunzert,
124
L. Nevin,
1
J. M. Newport,
126
K. Y. Ng,
14
S. Ng,
56
P. Nguyen,
70
T. T. Nguyen,
24
D. Nichols,
65
A. B. Nielsen,
9
S. Nissanke,
65, 13
A. Nitz,
9
F. Nocera,
30
D. Nolting,
6
C. North,
36
L. K. Nuttall,
36
M. Obergaulinger,
23
J. Oberling,
46
B. D. O’Brien,
49
3
G. D. O’Dea,
112
G. H. Ogin,
151
J. J. Oh,
133
S. H. Oh,
133
F. Ohme,
9
H. Ohta,
82
M. A. Okada,
15
M. Oliver,
106
P. Oppermann,
9, 10
Richard J. Oram,
6
B. O’Reilly,
6
R. Ormiston,
44
L. F. Ortega,
49
R. O’Shaughnessy,
59
S. Ossokine,
38
D. J. Ottaway,
56
H. Overmier,
6
B. J. Owen,
84
A. E. Pace,
88
G. Pagano,
21, 22
J. Page,
140
M. A. Page,
64
A. Pai,
120
S. A. Pai,
62
J. R. Palamos,
70
O. Palashov,
130
C. Palomba,
35
A. Pal-Singh,
34
Howard Pan,
89
Huang-Wei Pan,
89
B. Pang,
47
P. T. H. Pang,
96
C. Pankow,
91
F. Pannarale,
36
B. C. Pant,
62
F. Paoletti,
22
A. Paoli,
30
M. A. Papa,
9, 20, 10
A. Parida,
18
W. Parker,
6
D. Pascucci,
45
A. Pasqualetti,
30
R. Passaquieti,
21, 22
D. Passuello,
22
M. Patil,
136
B. Patricelli,
152, 22
B. L. Pearlstone,
45
C. Pedersen,
36
M. Pedraza,
1
R. Pedurand,
25, 153
L. Pekowsky,
43
A. Pele,
6
S. Penn,
154
C. J. Perez,
46
A. Perreca,
113, 98
L. M. Perri,
91
H. P. Pfeiffer,
116, 38
M. Phelps,
45
K. S. Phukon,
18
O. J. Piccinni,
100, 35
M. Pichot,
66
F. Piergiovanni,
72, 73
V. Pierro,
8
G. Pillant,
30
L. Pinard,
25
I. M. Pinto,
8
M. Pirello,
46
M. Pitkin,
45
R. Poggiani,
21, 22
P. Popolizio,
30
E. K. Porter,
29
L. Possenti,
155, 73
A. Post,
9
J. Powell,
156
J. Prasad,
18
J. W. W. Pratt,
37
G. Pratten,
106
V. Predoi,
36
T. Prestegard,
20
M. Principe,
8
S. Privitera,
38
G. A. Prodi,
113, 98
L. G. Prokhorov,
63
O. Puncken,
9, 10
M. Punturo,
42
P. Puppo,
35
M. P ̈urrer,
38
H. Qi,
20
V. Quetschke,
108
E. A. Quintero,
1
R. Quitzow-James,
70
D. S. Rabeling,
24
H. Radkins,
46
P. Raffai,
54
S. Raja,
62
C. Rajan,
62
B. Rajbhandari,
84
M. Rakhmanov,
108
K. E. Ramirez,
108
A. Ramos-Buades,
106
Javed Rana,
18
P. Rapagnani,
100, 35
V. Raymond,
36
M. Razzano,
21, 22
J. Read,
28
T. Regimbau,
66, 7
L. Rei,
61
S. Reid,
26
D. H. Reitze,
1, 49
W. Ren,
11
F. Ricci,
100, 35
P. M. Ricker,
11
K. Riles,
124
M. Rizzo,
59
N. A. Robertson,
1, 45
R. Robie,
45
F. Robinet,
27
T. Robson,
105
A. Rocchi,
33
L. Rolland,
7
J. G. Rollins,
1
V. J. Roma,
70
R. Romano,
3, 4
C. L. Romel,
46
J. H. Romie,
6
D. Rosi ́nska,
157, 55
M. P. Ross,
158
S. Rowan,
45
A. R ̈udiger,
9, 10
P. Ruggi,
30
G. Rutins,
159
K. Ryan,
46
S. Sachdev,
1
T. Sadecki,
46
M. Sakellariadou,
160
L. Salconi,
30
M. Saleem,
120
F. Salemi,
9
A. Samajdar,
150, 13
L. Sammut,
5
L. M. Sampson,
91
E. J. Sanchez,
1
L. E. Sanchez,
1
N. Sanchis-Gual,
23
V. Sandberg,
46
J. R. Sanders,
43
N. Sarin,
5
B. Sassolas,
25
P. R. Saulson,
43
O. Sauter,
124
R. L. Savage,
46
A. Sawadsky,
34
P. Schale,
70
M. Scheel,
47
J. Scheuer,
91
P. Schmidt,
65
R. Schnabel,
34
R. M. S. Schofield,
70
A. Sch ̈onbeck,
34
E. Schreiber,
9, 10
D. Schuette,
9, 10
B. W. Schulte,
9, 10
B. F. Schutz,
36, 9
S. G. Schwalbe,
37
J. Scott,
45
S. M. Scott,
24
E. Seidel,
11
D. Sellers,
6
A. S. Sengupta,
161
D. Sentenac,
30
V. Sequino,
32, 33, 16
A. Sergeev,
130
Y. Setyawati,
9
D. A. Shaddock,
24
T. J. Shaffer,
46
A. A. Shah,
140
M. S. Shahriar,
91
M. B. Shaner,
112
L. Shao,
38
B. Shapiro,
50
P. Shawhan,
76
H. Shen,
11
D. H. Shoemaker,
14
D. M. Shoemaker,
77
K. Siellez,
77
X. Siemens,
20
M. Sieniawska,
55
D. Sigg,
46
A. D. Silva,
15
L. P. Singer,
80
A. Singh,
9, 10
A. Singhal,
16, 35
A. M. Sintes,
106
B. J. J. Slagmolen,
24
T. J. Slaven-Blair,
64
B. Smith,
6
J. R. Smith,
28
R. J. E. Smith,
5
S. Somala,
162
E. J. Son,
133
B. Sorazu,
45
F. Sorrentino,
61
T. Souradeep,
18
A. P. Spencer,
45
A. K. Srivastava,
110
K. Staats,
37
M. Steinke,
9, 10
J. Steinlechner,
34, 45
S. Steinlechner,
34
D. Steinmeyer,
9, 10
B. Steltner,
9, 10
S. P. Stevenson,
156
D. Stocks,
50
R. Stone,
108
D. J. Stops,
60
K. A. Strain,
45
G. Stratta,
72, 73
S. E. Strigin,
63
A. Strunk,
46
R. Sturani,
163
A. L. Stuver,
164
T. Z. Summerscales,
165
L. Sun,
99
S. Sunil,
110
J. Suresh,
18
P. J. Sutton,
36
B. L. Swinkels,
13
M. J. Szczepa ́nczyk,
37
M. Tacca,
13
S. C. Tait,
45
C. Talbot,
5
D. Talukder,
70
D. B. Tanner,
49
M. T ́apai,
121
A. Taracchini,
38
J. D. Tasson,
95
J. A. Taylor,
140
R. Taylor,
1
S. V. Tewari,
154
T. Theeg,
9, 10
F. Thies,
9, 10
E. G. Thomas,
60
M. Thomas,
6
P. Thomas,
46
K. A. Thorne,
6
E. Thrane,
5
S. Tiwari,
16, 98
V. Tiwari,
36
K. V. Tokmakov,
26
K. Toland,
45
M. Tonelli,
21, 22
Z. Tornasi,
45
A. Torres-Forn ́e,
23
C. I. Torrie,
1
D. T ̈oyr ̈a,
60
F. Travasso,
30, 42
G. Traylor,
6
J. Trinastic,
49
M. C. Tringali,
113, 98
L. Trozzo,
166, 22
K. W. Tsang,
13
M. Tse,
14
R. Tso,
47
D. Tsuna,
82
L. Tsukada,
82
D. Tuyenbayev,
108
K. Ueno,
20
D. Ugolini,
167
A. L. Urban,
1
S. A. Usman,
36
H. Vahlbruch,
9, 10
G. Vajente,
1
G. Valdes,
2
N. van Bakel,
13
M. van Beuzekom,
13
J. F. J. van den Brand,
75, 13
C. Van Den Broeck,
13, 168
D. C. Vander-Hyde,
43
L. van der Schaaf,
13
J. V. van Heijningen,
13
A. A. van Veggel,
45
M. Vardaro,
52, 53
V. Varma,
47
S. Vass,
1
M. Vas ́uth,
48
A. Vecchio,
60
G. Vedovato,
53
J. Veitch,
45
P. J. Veitch,
56
K. Venkateswara,
158
G. Venugopalan,
1
D. Verkindt,
7
F. Vetrano,
72, 73
A. Vicer ́e,
72, 73
A. D. Viets,
20
S. Vinciguerra,
60
D. J. Vine,
159
J.-Y. Vinet,
66
S. Vitale,
14
T. Vo,
43
H. Vocca,
41, 42
C. Vorvick,
46
S. P. Vyatchanin,
63
A. R. Wade,
1
L. E. Wade,
85
M. Wade,
85
R. Walet,
13
M. Walker,
28
L. Wallace,
1
S. Walsh,
20, 9
G. Wang,
16, 22
H. Wang,
60
J. Z. Wang,
124
W. H. Wang,
108
Y. F. Wang,
96
R. L. Ward,
24
J. Warner,
46
M. Was,
7
J. Watchi,
101
B. Weaver,
46
L.-W. Wei,
9, 10
M. Weinert,
9, 10
A. J. Weinstein,
1
R. Weiss,
14
F. Wellmann,
9, 10
L. Wen,
64
E. K. Wessel,
11
P. Weßels,
9, 10
J. Westerweck,
9
K. Wette,
24
J. T. Whelan,
59
B. F. Whiting,
49
C. Whittle,
14
D. Wilken,
9, 10
D. Williams,
45
R. D. Williams,
1
A. R. Williamson,
59, 65
J. L. Willis,
1, 125
B. Willke,
9, 10
M. H. Wimmer,
9, 10
W. Winkler,
9, 10
C. C. Wipf,
1
H. Wittel,
9, 10
G. Woan,
45
J. Woehler,
9, 10
J. K. Wofford,
59
W. K. Wong,
96
J. Worden,
46
J. L. Wright,
45
D. S. Wu,
9, 10
D. M. Wysocki,
59
S. Xiao,
1
W. Yam,
14
H. Yamamoto,
1
C. C. Yancey,
76
L. Yang,
169
M. J. Yap,
24
M. Yazback,
49
Hang Yu,
14
Haocun Yu,
14
M. Yvert,
7
A. Zadro ̇zny,
135
M. Zanolin,
37
T. Zelenova,
30
J.-P. Zendri,
53
M. Zevin,
91
J. Zhang,
64
L. Zhang,
1
M. Zhang,
145
T. Zhang,
45
Y.-H. Zhang,
9, 10
C. Zhao,
64
M. Zhou,
91
Z. Zhou,
91
S. J. Zhu,
9, 10
X. J. Zhu,
5
A. B. Zimmerman,
92, 170
M. E. Zucker,
1, 14
and J. Zweizig
1
4
(The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration)
N. N. Weinberg
171
1
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
2
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
3
Universit`a di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
4
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
5
OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
6
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
7
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes,
Universit ́e Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France
8
University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento,
Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
9
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
10
Leibniz Universit ̈at Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
11
NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
12
University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
13
Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
14
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
15
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 S ̃ao Jos ́e dos Campos, S ̃ao Paulo, Brazil
16
Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
17
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
18
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
19
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
20
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
21
Universit`a di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
22
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
23
Departamento de Astronom ́ıa y Astrof ́ısica, Universitat de Val`encia, E-46100 Burjassot, Val`encia, Spain
24
OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
25
Laboratoire des Mat ́eriaux Avanc ́es (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
26
SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
27
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Universit ́e Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France
28
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
29
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Universit ́e Paris Diderot,
CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris,
Sorbonne Paris Cit ́e, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
30
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
31
Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
32
Universit`a di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
33
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
34
Universit ̈at Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
35
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
36
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
37
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
38
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
39
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Korea
40
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
41
Universit`a di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
42
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
43
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
44
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
45
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
46
LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
47
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
48
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Mikl ́os ́ut 29-33, Hungary
49
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
50
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
51
Universit`a di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
52
Universit`a di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
53
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
54
MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physics, E ̈otv ̈os University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
55
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
56
OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
5
57
Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Universit`a di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
58
INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
59
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
60
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
61
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
62
RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
63
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
64
OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
65
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen,
P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
66
Artemis, Universit ́e Cˆote d’Azur, Observatoire Cˆote d’Azur,
CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
67
Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
68
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR6082, F-3500 Rennes, France
69
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
70
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
71
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Universit ́e, CNRS,
ENS-Universit ́e PSL, Coll`ege de France, F-75005 Paris, France
72
Universit`a degli Studi di Urbino ’Carlo Bo,’ I-61029 Urbino, Italy
73
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
74
Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
75
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
76
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
77
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
78
Universit ́e Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
79
Universit`a di Napoli ’Federico II,’ Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
80
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
81
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
82
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
83
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
84
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
85
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
86
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
87
Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”,
I-00184 Roma, Italyrico Fermi, I-00184 Roma, Italy
88
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
89
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
90
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
91
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA),
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
92
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics,
60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H8, Canada
93
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
94
Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
95
Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
96
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
97
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
98
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
99
OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
100
Universit`a di Roma ’La Sapienza,’ I-00185 Roma, Italy
101
Universit ́e Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
102
Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
103
Departamento de Matem ́aticas, Universitat de Val`encia, E-46100 Burjassot, Val`encia, Spain
104
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
105
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
106
Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
107
University of Rhode Island
108
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
109
Bellevue College, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
110
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
111
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
112
California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
113
Universit`a di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
114
Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
6
115
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
116
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
117
Observatori Astron`omic, Universitat de Val`encia, E-46980 Paterna, Val`encia, Spain
118
School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
119
University and Institute of Advanced Research,
Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar Gujarat 382007, India
120
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
121
University of Szeged, D ́om t ́er 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
122
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
123
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
124
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
125
Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX 79699, USA
126
American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, USA
127
University of Bia lystok, 15-424 Bia lystok, Poland
128
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
129
University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
130
Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
131
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea
132
Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Korea
133
National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Korea
134
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
135
NCBJ, 05-400
́
Swierk-Otwock, Poland
136
Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
137
Cornell Universtiy
138
Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA
139
Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
140
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35811, USA
141
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy
142
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy
143
ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
144
Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
145
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
146
Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Monaco
147
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
148
INFN Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
149
Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
150
IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
151
Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA
152
Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
153
Universit ́e de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon, France
154
Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
155
Universit`a degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121 Firenze, Italy
156
OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
157
Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona G ́ora, 65-265 Zielona G ́ora, Poland
158
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
159
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
160
King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
161
Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Gujarat 382424, India
162
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Khandi, Telangana 502285, India
163
International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN 59078-970, Brazil
164
Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
165
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA
166
Universit`a di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
167
Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
168
Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity,
University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
169
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
170
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
171
Department of Physics, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
We analyze the impact of a proposed tidal instability coupling
p
-modes and
g
-modes within
neutron stars on GW170817. This non-resonant instability transfers energy from the orbit of the
7
binary to internal modes of the stars, accelerating the gravitational-wave driven inspiral. We model
the impact of this instability on the phasing of the gravitational wave signal using three parameters
per star: an overall amplitude, a saturation frequency, and a spectral index. Incorporating these
additional parameters, we compute the Bayes Factor (ln
B
pg
!
pg
) comparing our
p
-
g
model to a standard
one. We find that the observed signal is consistent with waveform models that neglect
p
-
g
effects,
with ln
B
pg
!
pg
= 0
.
03
+0
.
70
−
0
.
58
(maximum a posteriori and 90% credible region). By injecting simulated
signals that do not include
p
-
g
effects and recovering them with the
p
-
g
model, we show that there
is a
'
50% probability of obtaining similar ln
B
pg
!
pg
even when
p
-
g
effects are absent. We find that the
p
-
g
amplitude for 1.4
M
neutron stars is constrained to
.
few
×
10
−
7
, with maxima a posteriori
near
∼
10
−
7
and
p
-
g
saturation frequency
∼
70 Hz. This suggests that there are less than a few
hundred excited modes, assuming they all saturate by wave breaking. For comparison, theoretical
upper bounds suggest a
p
-
g
amplitude
.
10
−
6
and
.
10
3
modes saturating by wave breaking. Thus,
the measured constraints only rule out extreme values of the
p
-
g
parameters. They also imply that
the instability dissipates
.
10
51
ergs over the entire inspiral, i.e., less than a few percent of the
energy radiated as gravitational waves.
I. INTRODUCTION
Detailed analysis of the gravitational-wave (GW) sig-
nal received from the first binary neutron star (NS) co-
alescence event (GW170817 [1]) constrains the tidal de-
formability of NSs and thus the equation of state (EOS)
above nuclear saturation density [2–4]. Studies of NS
tidal deformation typically focus on the linear, quasi-
static tidal bulge induced in each NS by its companion.
Such deformations modify the system’s binding energy
and GW luminosity and thereby alter its orbital dynam-
ics. The degree of deformation is often expressed in terms
of the tidal deformability Λ
i
∝
(
R
i
/m
i
)
5
of each compo-
nent [5], or a particular mass-weighted average thereof
(
̃
Λ) [2]. The strong dependence on compactness
R/m
means that a stiffer EOS, which has larger
R
for the same
m
, imprints a larger tidal signals than a softer EOS. Cur-
rent analyses of GW data from the LIGO [6] and Virgo
[7] detectors favor a soft EOS [3, 8]. Specifically, [2] finds
̃
Λ
.
730 at the 90% credible level for all waveform models
considered, allowing for the components to spin rapidly.
The pressure at twice nuclear saturation density is also
constrained to
P
= 3
.
5
+2
.
7
−
1
.
7
×
10
34
dyn
/
cm
2
(median and
90% credible region) [3] assuming small component spins.
In addition to GW phasing, the EOS-dependence of
̃
Λ
should correlate with post-merger signals [9], possible
tidal disruptions, and kilonova observations [10]. Ob-
served light-curves for the kilonova suggest a lower bound
of
̃
Λ
&
200 [11, 12].
Although some dynamical tidal effects are incorpo-
rated in these analyses (see, e.g., [2, 13]), the impact of
several types of dynamical tidal effects are neglected be-
cause they are assumed to be small or have large theoret-
ical uncertainties. These effects arise because tidal fields,
in addition to raising a quasi-static bulge, excite stellar
normal modes. Three such excitation mechanisms are (i)
resonant linear excitation, (ii) resonant nonlinear exci-
tation, and (iii) non-resonant nonlinear excitation (see,
∗
Deceased, February 2018.
†
Deceased, November 2017.
e.g., [14]). The first occurs when the GW frequency (the
oscillation frequency of the tidal field) sweeps through a
mode’s natural frequency (see, e.g., [15–22]). However,
since the GW frequency increases rapidly during the late
inspiral, the time spent near resonance is too short to
excite modes to large amplitudes. As a result, for modes
with natural frequencies within the sensitive bands of
ground-based GW detectors, the change in orbital phas-
ing is expected to be small (∆Ψ
.
10
−
2
rad) unless the
stars are rapidly rotating [17–19]. The impact of reso-
nant nonlinear mode excitation (i.e., the parametric sub-
harmonic instability) is likewise limited by the swiftness
of the inspiral [23].
The proposed
p
-
g
tidal instability is a non-resonant,
nonlinear instability in which the tidal bulge excites a
low-frequency buoyancy-supported
g
-mode and a high-
frequency pressure-supported
p
-mode [23–26]. It occurs
in the inner core of the NS, where the stratification is
weak and the shear due to the tidal bulge is especially sus-
ceptible to instability. Unlike resonantly excited modes,
an unstable
p
-
g
pair continuously drains energy from
the orbit once excited, even after the orbital frequency
changes significantly. There are many potentially unsta-
ble
p
-
g
pairs, each becoming unstable at a different fre-
quency and growing at a different rate. Although there
is considerable uncertainty about the number of unstable
pairs, their exact growth rates, and how they saturate,
estimates suggest that the impact could be measurable
with current detectors [27].
In this letter, we investigate the possible impact of the
p
-
g
instability on GW170817 using the phenomenologi-
cal model developed in [27]. The model describes the
energy dissipated by the instability within each NS, in-
dexed by
i
, in terms of three parameters: (i) an overall
amplitude
A
i
, which is related to the number of modes
participating in the instability, their growth rates, and
their saturation energies, (ii) a frequency
f
i
correspond-
ing to when the instability saturates, and (iii) a spectral
index
n
i
describing how the saturation energy evolves
with frequency. In Section II, we describe our models
in detail. In Section III, we compare the statistical evi-
dence for models that include the
p
-
g
instability relative
to those that do not. In Section IV, we investigate the