CaltechAUTHORS
Published July 2022 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

International Asteroid Warning Network Timing Campaign: 2019 XS

Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Jet Propulsion Lab
  • 2. ROR icon University of Arizona
  • 3. ROR icon University of Maryland, College Park
  • 4. ROR icon Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  • 5. ROR icon National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • 6. ROR icon Dominion Astrophysical Observatory
  • 7. ROR icon Kuban State University
  • 8. ROR icon Romanian Academy
  • 9. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 10. ROR icon Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
  • 11. ROR icon University of Hawaii at Manoa
  • 12. ROR icon Nordic Optical Telescope
  • 13. ROR icon Aarhus University
  • 14. ROR icon Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
  • 15. ROR icon Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory
  • 16. ROR icon University of Helsinki
  • 17. ROR icon Luleå University of Technology
  • 18. ROR icon Tartu Observatory
  • 19. ROR icon Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
  • 20. ROR icon Saint Mary's University
  • 21. ROR icon Purple Mountain Observatory
  • 22. ROR icon University of Science and Technology of China
  • 23. ROR icon Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
  • 24. ROR icon Stellenbosch University
  • 25. ROR icon Farm Cove Observatory
  • 26. ROR icon Abbey Ridge Observatory
  • 27. ROR icon University of Barcelona
  • 28. ROR icon University of Alicante
  • 29. ROR icon Romanian Space Agency
  • 30. ROR icon University of Bucharest
  • 31. ROR icon Western University

Abstract

As part of the International Asteroid Warning Network's observational exercises, we conducted a campaign to observe near-Earth asteroid 2019 XS around its close approach to Earth on 2021 November 9. The goal of the campaign was to characterize errors in the observation times reported to the Minor Planet Center, which become an increasingly important consideration as astrometric accuracy improves and more fast-moving asteroids are observed. As part of the exercise, a total of 957 astrometric observations of 2019 XS during the encounter were reported and subsequently were analyzed to obtain the corresponding residuals. While the timing errors are typically smaller than 1 s, the reported times appear to be negatively biased, i.e., they are generally earlier than they should be. We also compared the observer-provided position uncertainty with the cross-track residuals, which are independent of timing errors. A large fraction of the estimated uncertainties appear to be optimistic, especially when <0.″2. We compiled individual reports for each observer to help identify and remove the root cause of any possible timing error and improve the uncertainty quantification process. We suggest possible sources of timing errors and describe a simple procedure to derive reliable, conservative position uncertainties.

Additional Information

© 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Received 2022 April 7; revised 2022 May 17; accepted 2022 May 19; published 2022 July 13. We thank two anonymous referees for their useful comments that helped improve the paper. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). This research has made use of data and services provided by the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Small Bodies Node of the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS), managed at the University of Maryland, and funded by NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office through PDS cooperative agreement 80NSSC22M0024 and UMD-SAO sub-award 106075-Z6415201. Part of this work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research—UEFISCDI, project No. PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2019-1504. Part of this work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research, PNIII-P2-1214/25.10.2021. Part of this work was supported by NASA YORPD grant 80NSSC21K0657. We thank Prof. Philip Choi, Nez Evans, and the student team at the Pomona College for taking the data; Navtej Saini, Mike Shao, Russell Trahan, and Max Zhan at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the instrument and software support; and the NASA ROSES YORPD program (80NM0018F0612) that supported the Table Mountain Observatory, Wrightwood-PHMC participation of this timing campaign. Partly based on data from the NEOSSat satellite, a joint mission of the Canadian Space Agency and Defence Research and Development Canada, with contributions from Microsat Systems Canada Inc., the University of Calgary, Bishop's University, and the National Research Council of Canada. The Joan Oró Telescope of the Montsec Observatory is owned by the Catalan Government and operated by the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia. Part of this work was funded by the NEO-MAPP project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377). This work was partially funded by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe" by the European Union through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu') through grant CEX2019-000918-M. Part of this work was supported by the Space debris and NEO research project (KJSP2020020204, KJSP2020020102, and KJSP2020020101) and the Minor Planet Foundation. Pan-STARRS is a project of the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaii and is supported by the NASA SSO Near-Earth Observation Program under grant 80NSSC21K1572 and by the state of Hawaii. Partly based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48-inch and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by Caltech Optical Observatories, Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, and the University of Washington. Partly based on observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory global telescope network. Some observations in this paper are based on observations made with the MuSCAT3 instrument, developed by the Astrobiology Center and under financial supports by JSPS KAKENHI (JP18H05439) and JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), at Faulkes Telescope North on Maui, HI, operated by the Las Cumbres Observatory. The Ningbo Bureau of Education and Xinjiang Observatory Telescope is funded by Ningbo Bureau of Education and operated by Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory. Part of this work was supported by NASA grant 80NSSC21K0807. This paper was partially based on observations obtained at the OWL-Net system, which is operated by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI). Partly based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, owned in collaboration by the University of Turku and Aarhus University, and operated jointly by Aarhus University, the University of Turku, and the University of Oslo, representing Denmark, Finland, and Norway, the University of Iceland and Stockholm University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Spain, of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, and the data were obtained with ALFOSC, which is provided by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA) under a joint agreement with the University of Copenhagen and NOT. Copyright 2022. California Institute of Technology.

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Additional details

Identifiers

Eprint ID
115924
Resolver ID
CaltechAUTHORS:20220727-38904000

Related works

Describes
10.3847/PSJ/ac7224 (DOI)

Funding

NASA/JPL/Caltech
80NM0018D0004
NASA
80NSSC22M0024
University of Maryland
106075-Z6415201
Romain National Authority for Scientific Research
PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2019-1504
Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research (Romania)
PNIII-P2-1214/25.10.2021
NASA
80NSSC21K0657
NASA
80NM0018F0612
Canadian Space Agency (CSA)
Defence Research and Development Canada
European Research Council (ERC)
870377
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)
MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
European Regional Development Fund
RTI2018-095076-B-C21
Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
CEX2019-000918-M
China National Space Administration
KJSP2020020204
China National Space Administration
KJSP2020020102
China National Space Administration
KJSP2020020101
Minor Planet Foundation of China
NASA
80NSSC21K1572
State of Hawaii
NSF
AST-1440341
ZTF partner institutions
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
JP18H05439
Japan Science and Technology Agency
JPMJPR1775
Ningbo Bureau of Education
NASA
80NSSC21K0807

Dates

Created
2022-07-27
Created from EPrint's datestamp field
Updated
2022-07-27
Created from EPrint's last_modified field

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Zwicky Transient Facility