Published December 20, 2025 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

SPYGLASS. VII-A. The Demographics and Ages of Small Nearby Young Associations

  • 1. ROR icon University of Toronto
  • 2. ROR icon The University of Texas at Austin
  • 3. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 4. ROR icon Chalmers University of Technology
  • 5. ROR icon University of Virginia
  • 6. ROR icon Catholic University of the North
  • 7. ROR icon Vanderbilt University
  • 8. ROR icon Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Abstract

Recent Gaia-based young stellar association surveys have revealed dozens of low-mass populations that have, until recently, been too small or sparse to detect. These populations represent a largely unstudied demographic with unknown origins, and their relative isolation may minimize gravitational disruptions that impact traceback, making them compelling targets for dynamical studies. In this paper, we survey 15 of these isolated young associations for the first time: Andromeda South (SCYA-97), Aquila East, Aries South (SCYA-104), Cassiopeia East (SCYA-43), Canis Major North, Leo Central (SCYA-2), Leo East (SCYA-3), Theia 72, Ophiuchus Southeast, Scutum North (SCYA-70), Taurus-Orion 1 (TOR1), Theia 78, Vulpecula East (UPK 88), SCYA-54, and SCYA-79. By combining Gaia astrometry and photometry with new ground-based spectroscopic measurements, we assess the membership of each population, search for substructure, analyze their demographics, and compute ages. We find that the smallest populations in our sample contain <20 M of stellar mass, making them the smallest associations ever detected. Four host substantial substructure, including TOR1, where we discover TOR1B, a new 16 M association with radial velocities inconsistent with an origin in the parent complex. Using PARSEC isochrones, we produce self-consistent ages for all populations supported by dynamical and lithium depletion ages, which range from 6.9 ± 0.5 Myr in TOR1A to 42.8 ± 2.4 in AndS. Our results provide the first detailed overview of the properties of these populations, characterizing a largely unknown category of young associations that may have an important role in tracing the processes that guide local star formation.

Copyright and License

© 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The Dunlap Institute is funded through an endowment established by the David Dunlap family and the University of Toronto. Funding was received by the Heising-Simons Foundation. R.M.P.K. acknowledges the use of computational resources at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at the University of Texas at Austin, which was used for the more computationally intensive operations in this project. R.M.P.K. acknowledges the staff at the McDonald Observatory, who made the many observations presented in this paper possible. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This research has made use of the VizieR catalog access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France. The original description of the VizieR service was published in F. Ochsenbein et al. (2000). R.M.P.K. thanks Rob Jeffries, who provided helpful advice on the use of the EAGLES module. J.S.S. is grateful for support from NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2023-04849) and a University of Toronto Connaught New Researcher Award. J.C. acknowledges support from the Agencia Nacional de Investigacioń y Desarrollo (ANID) via Proyecto Fondecyt Regular 1231345, and by ANID BASAL project FB210003.

The authors thank the Sloan Digital Sky Survey V for contributing data to this project. Funding for SDSS-V has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. SDSS telescopes are located at Apache Point Observatory, funded by the Astrophysical Research Consortium and operated by New Mexico State University, and at Las Campanas Observatory, operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. The SDSS website is www.sdss.org.

SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration, including Caltech, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Chilean National Time Allocation Committee (CNTAC) ratified researchers, The Flatiron Institute, the Gotham Participation Group, Harvard University, Heidelberg University, The Johns Hopkins University, L’Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Nanjing University, National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC), New Mexico State University, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), the Stellar Astrophysics Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Toronto, University of Utah, University of Virginia, Yale University, and Yunnan University.

Facilities

Gaia - , Smith - McDonald Observatory's 2.7m Harlan J. Smith Telescope, Sloan and Du Pont -

Software References

astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 201320182022), numpy (C. R. Harris et al. 2020), pandas (The pandas development team 2020), LMFIT (M. Newville et al. 2016), saphires (B. M. Tofflemire 2019), matplotlib (J. D. Hunter 2007).

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Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2510.21936 (arXiv)

Funding

University of Toronto
Heising-Simons Foundation
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
RGPIN-2023-04849
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
1231345
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
FB210003
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

Dates

Submitted
2025-07-23
Accepted
2025-10-21
Available
2025-12-18
Published

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Caltech groups
Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status
Published