Gravitational waves are expected to be produced from neutron star oscillations associated with magnetar giant flares and short bursts. We present the results of a search for short-duration (milliseconds to seconds) and long-duration (∼100 s) transient gravitational waves from 13 magnetar short bursts observed during Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo, and KAGRA's third observation run. These 13 bursts come from two magnetars, SGR 1935+2154 and Swift J1818.0−1607. We also include three other electromagnetic burst events detected by Fermi-GBM which were identified as likely coming from one or more magnetars, but they have no association with a known magnetar. No magnetar giant flares were detected during the analysis period. We find no evidence of gravitational waves associated with any of these 16 bursts. We place upper limits on the rms of the integrated incident gravitational-wave strain that reach 3.6 × 10−23/√Hz at 100 Hz for the short-duration search and 1.1 × 10−22/√Hz at 450 Hz for the long-duration search. For a ringdown signal at 1590 Hz targeted by the short-duration search the limit is set to 2.3 × 10−22√Hz. Using the estimated distance to each magnetar, we derive upper limits on the emitted gravitational-wave energy of 1.5 × 1044 erg (1.0 × 1044 erg) for SGR 1935+2154 and 9.4 × 1043 erg (1.3 × 1044 erg) for Swift J1818.0−1607, for the short-duration (long-duration) search. Assuming isotropic emission of electromagnetic radiation of the burst fluences, we constrain the ratio of gravitational-wave energy to electromagnetic energy for bursts from SGR 1935+2154 with the available fluence information. The lowest of these ratios is 4.5 × 103.
Search for Gravitational-wave Transients Associated with Magnetar Bursts in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo Data from the Third Observing Run
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Abstract
Copyright and License
© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Acknowledgement
This material is based upon work supported by NSF's LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO 600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Ministerio de Universidades, the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura and the Direcció General de Política Universitaria i Recerca del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Innovació Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union—European Regional Development Fund, Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertées (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris Île-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, and CNRS for provision of computational resources.
This work was supported by MEXT, JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905 (JP17H06358, JP17H06361, and JP17H06364), JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF), Computing Infrastructure Project of KISTI-GSDC, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) in Taiwan under grants including AS-CDA-105-M06, Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK.
The McGill Online Magnetar Catalog at https://www.physics.mcgill.ca/~pulsar/magnetar/main.html was very useful as a catalog with updated information on magnetars.
This project has made use of the data of the Interplanetary Network (ssl.berkeley.edu/ipn3/index.html), which was maintained by Kevin Hurley. We would like to remember all of the contributions Kevin made to many LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA searches over the years.
We would like to thank all of the essential workers who put their health at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, without whom we would not have been able to complete this work.
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Additional details
- ISSN
- 1538-4357
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Max Planck Society
- Australian Research Council
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Dutch Research Council
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Department of Science and Technology
- Science and Engineering Research Board
- Ministry of Human Resource Development
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Ministerio de Universidades
- Govern de les Illes Balears
- Generalitat Valenciana
- Government of Catalonia
- National Science Center
- European Union
- European Regional Development Fund
- Foundation for Polish Science
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research
- Russian Science Foundation
- European Commission
- European Union
- European Social Funds
- Royal Society
- Scottish Funding Council
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
- Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
- Fund for Scientific Research
- Research Foundation - Flanders
- National Research, Development and Innovation Office
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
- ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
- University Grants Committee
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Leverhulme Trust
- Research Corporation for Science Advancement
- National Science and Technology Council
- AS-CDA-105-M06
- United States Department of Energy
- The Kavli Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 26000005
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- JP17H06358
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- JP17H06361
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- JP17H06364
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 17H06133
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- 20H05639
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- JP20H05854
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
- The University of Tokyo
- Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- Ministry of Science and ICT
- Academia Sinica
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
- Caltech groups
- Astronomy Department, LIGO