Published October 9, 2025 | Version Published
Journal Article Open

Characterizing stationary optomechanical entanglement in the presence of non-Markovian noise

  • 1. ROR icon California Institute of Technology
  • 2. ROR icon Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology
  • 3. ROR icon Austrian Academy of Sciences

Abstract

We study an optomechanical system, where a mechanical oscillator interacts with a Gaussian input optical field. In the linearized picture, we analytically prove that if the input light field is the vacuum state, or is frequency-independently squeezed, the stationary entanglement between the oscillator and the output optical field is independent of the coherent coupling between them, which we refer to as the universality of entanglement. Furthermore, we demonstrate that entanglement cannot be generated by performing arbitrary frequency-dependent squeezing on the input optical field. Our results hold in the presence of general, Gaussian environmental noise sources, including non-Markovian noise.

Copyright and License

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Acknowledgement

S.D. and Y.C. acknowledge the support by the Simons Foundation (Award No. 568762), and by the U.S. NSF Grant No. PHY-2309231. K.W. acknowledges the support by the Vienna Doctoral School in Physics (VDSP). K.W., C.G., and M.A. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 951234) and from the Research Network Quantum Aspects of Spacetime (TURIS).

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this article are openly available [56].

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Additional details

Related works

Is new version of
Discussion Paper: arXiv:2502.02838 (arXiv)
Is supplemented by
Dataset: https://github.com/sudirekci/universality_of_stationary_optomechanical_entanglement (URL)

Funding

Simons Foundation
568762
National Science Foundation
PHY-2309231
Vienna Doctoral School in Physics
European Research Council
European Commission
951234

Dates

Accepted
2025-08-21

Caltech Custom Metadata

Caltech groups
TAPIR, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status
Published