Broadband Quantum Enhancement of the LIGO Detectors with Frequency-Dependent Squeezing

Ganapathy, D.; Jia, W.; Nakano, M.; Xu, V.; Aritomi, N.; Cullen, T.; Kijbunchoo, N.; Dwyer, S. E.; Mullavey, A.; McCuller, L.; Abbott, R.; Abouelfettouh, I.; Adhikari, R. X.; Ananyeva, A.; Appert, S.; Arai, K.; Aston, S. M.; Ball, M.; Ballmer, S. W.; Barker, D.; Barsotti, L.; Berger, B. K.; Betzwieser, J.; Bhattacharjee, D.; Billingsley, G.; Biscans, S.; Bode, N.; Bonilla, E.; Bossilkov, V.; Branch, A.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, D. D.; Bryant, J.; Cahillane, C.; Cao, H.; Capote, E.; Clara, F.; Collins, J.; Compton, C. M.; Cottingham, R.; Coyne, D. C.; Crouch, R.; Csizmazia, J.; Dartez, L. P.; Demos, N.; Dohmen, E.; Driggers, J. C.; Effler, A.; Ejlli, A.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Feicht, J.; Frey, R.; Frischhertz, W.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fulda, P.; Fyffe, M.; Gateley, B.; Giaime, J. A.; Giardina, K. D.; Glanzer, J.; Goetz, E.; Goetz, R.; Goodwin-Jones, A. W.; Gras, S.; Gray, C.; Griffith, D.; Grote, H.; Guidry, T.; Hall, E. D.; Hanks, J.; Hanson, J.; Heintze, M. C.; Helmling-Cornell, A. F.; Holland, N. A.; Hoyland, D.; Huang, H. Y.; Inoue, Y.; James, A. L.; Jennings, A.; Karat, S.; Karki, S.; Kasprzack, M.; Kawabe, K.; King, P. J.; Kissel, J. S.; Komori, K.; Kontos, A.; Kumar, R.; Kuns, K.; Landry, M.; Lantz, B.; Laxen, M.; Lee, K.; Lesovsky, M.; Llamas, F.; Lormand, M.; Loughlin, H. A.; Macas, R.; MacInnis, M.; Makarem, C. N.; Mannix, B.; Mansell, G. L.; Martin, R. M.; Mason, K.; Matichard, F.; Mavalvala, N.; Maxwell, N.; McCarrol, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McCormick, S.; McRae, T.; Mera, F.; Merilh, E. L.; Meylahn, F.; Mittleman, R.; Moraru, D.; Moreno, G.; Nelson, T. J. N.; Neunzert, A.; Notte, J.; Oberling, J.; O'Hanlon, T.; Osthelder, C.; Ottaway, D. J.; Overmier, H.; Parker, W.; Pele, A.; Pham, H.; Pirello, M.; Quetschke, V.; Ramirez, K. E.; Reyes, J.; Richardson, J. W.; Robinson, M.; Rollins, J. G.; Romel, C. L.; Romie, J. H.; Ross, M. P.; Ryan, K.; Sadecki, T.; Sanchez, A.; Sanchez, E. J.; Sanchez, L. E.; Savage, R. L.; Schaetzl, D.; Schiworski, M. G.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R. M. S.; Schwartz, E.; Sellers, D.; Shaffer, T.; Short, R. W.; Sigg, D.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Soike, C.; Soni, S.; Srivastava, V.; Sun, L.; Tanner, D. B.; Thomas, M.; Thomas, P.; Thorne, K. A.; Torrie, C. I.; Traylor, G.; Ubhi, A. S.; Vajente, G.; Vanosky, J.; Vecchio, A.; Veitch, P. J.; Vibhute, A. M.; von Reis, E. R. G.; Warner, J.; Weaver, B.; Weiss, R.; Whittle, C.; Willke, B.; Wipf, C. C.; Yamamoto, H.; Zhang, L.; Zucker, M. E.

doi:10.1103/physrevx.13.041021

Published October 2023 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

Broadband Quantum Enhancement of the LIGO Detectors with Frequency-Dependent Squeezing

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2. Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
3. California Institute of Technology
4. University of Adelaide
5. University of Oregon
6. Syracuse University
7. Stanford University
8. Kenyon College
9. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
10. Leibniz University Hannover
11. University of Birmingham
12. University of California, Riverside
13. Cardiff University
14. University of Florida
15. Louisiana State University
16. University of British Columbia
17. University of Western Australia
18. VU Amsterdam
19. National Central University
20. Missouri University of Science and Technology
21. Bard College
22. Sungkyunkwan University
23. The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
24. University of Portsmouth
25. Montclair State University
26. Australian National University
27. University of Washington
28. Universität Hamburg

Quantum noise imposes a fundamental limitation on the sensitivity of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors like LIGO, manifesting as shot noise and quantum radiation pressure noise. Here, we present the first realization of frequency-dependent squeezing in full-scale gravitational-wave detectors, resulting in the reduction of both shot noise and quantum radiation pressure noise, with broadband detector enhancement from tens of hertz to several kilohertz. In the LIGO Hanford detector, squeezing reduced the detector noise amplitude by a factor of 1.6 (4.0 dB) near 1 kHz; in the Livingston detector, the noise reduction was a factor of 1.9 (5.8 dB). These improvements directly impact LIGO's scientific output for high-frequency sources (e.g., binary neutron star postmerger physics). The improved low-frequency sensitivity, which boosted the detector range by 15%–18% with respect to no squeezing, corresponds to an increase in the astrophysical detection rate of up to 65%. Frequency-dependent squeezing was enabled by the addition of a 300-meter-long filter cavity to each detector as part of the LIGO A+ upgrade.

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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, and the Max-Planck-Society (MPS) for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors acknowledge the LIGO Scientific Collaboration Fellows program for additional support. LIGO was constructed by the California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with funding from the National Science Foundation and operates under Cooperative Agreement No. PHY-18671764464. Advanced LIGO was built under Grant No. PHY-18680823459. The A+ Upgrade to Advanced LIGO is supported by U.S. NSF Grant No. PHY-1834382 and United Kingdom STFC Grant No. ST/S00246/1, with additional support from the Australian Research Council. The authors thank Dennis Wilken, Vivishek Sudhir, James Lough, and Kim Burtnyk for carefully reading the manuscript.

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Featured in: Publication: https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/ligo-surpasses-the-quantum-limit (URL); Journal Article: https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/189 (URL); Journal Article: 10.1063/PT.3.5374 (DOI); Journal Article: 10.1038/s41567-023-02355-2 (DOI); Journal Article: https://rdcu.be/dwnds (URL)

Australian Research Council
Max-Planck-Society
National Science Foundation
PHY-18671764464
National Science Foundation
PHY-18680823459
National Science Foundation
PHY-1834382
Science and Technology Facilities Council
ST/S00246/1

Caltech groups: LIGO, Astronomy Department

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Broadband Quantum Enhancement of the LIGO Detectors with Frequency-Dependent Squeezing

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