Mechanistic Studies of a Calcium-Dependent MRI Contrast Agent

Abstract

Intracellular Ca^(2+) plays an important role in signal transduction, and we are developing new MRI techniques to study its regulation in living animals. We have reported on an MRI contrast agent (DOPTA-Gd) where the relaxivity of the complex is controlled by the presence or absence of the divalent ion Ca^(2+). By structurally modulating inner-sphere access of water to a chelated Gd^(3+) ion, we observe a substantial and reversible change in T_1 upon the addition of Ca^(2+) and not other divalent ions. Luminescence lifetime and NMRD measurements of the complex have been acquired, and several parameters contribute to the Ca^(2+) dependent relaxivity change of DOPTA-Gd. The number of inner-sphere water molecules is more than doubled after the Ca^(2+) concentration is increased. This finding strongly supports the proposed conformational change of DOPTA-Gd when Ca^(2+) is bound. Relaxometric measurements confirm these results and provide an indication that second-sphere water molecules are probably responsible for paramagnetic relaxation enhancement in the absence of Ca^(2+). After Ca^(2+) is bound to DOPTA-Gd, the molecule undergoes a substantial conformational change that opens up the hydrophilic face of the tetraazacyclododecane macrocycle. This change dramatically increases the accessibility of chelated Gd^(3+) ion to bulk solvent. The design of this class of calcium-activated MR contrast agent was based primarily on the assumption that the number of coordinated inner-sphere water molecules would be the dominating factor in observed relaxivity measurements. This result has been confirmed; however, careful mechanistic studies reveal that additional factors are involved in this process.

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