The CMS barrel timing layer: test beam confirmation of module timing performance

Addesa, F.; Akrap, P.; Albert, A.; Allmond, B.; Anderson, T.; Babbar, J.; Baranyai, D.; Barria, P.; Basile, C.; Benaglia, A.; Benato, A.; Benettoni, M.; Besancon, M.; Bez, N.; Bhattacharya, S.; Bianco, R.; Blend, D.; Boletti, A.; Bornheim, A.; Bugalho, R.; Bulla, A.; Cardwell, B.; Carlin, R.; Casarsa, M.; Cetorelli, F.; Cossutti, F.; Cox, B.; Da Molin, G.; De Guio, F.; De Leo, K.; De Riggi, F.; Debbins, P.; Del Re, D.; Delli Gatti, R.; Dervan, J.; Devouge, P.; Dreimanis, K.; Eberlins, O.M.; Errico, F.; Fernandez, E.; Funk, W.; Gaile, A.; Gallinaro, M.; Gargiulo, R.; Gerosa, R.; Ghezzi, A.; Gyongyosi, B.; Hao, Z.; Heering, A.H.; Hu, Z.; Isocrate, R.; Jose, M.; Karneyeu, A.; Kim, M.S.; Krishna, A.; Kronheim, B.; Köseyan, O.K.; Ledovskoy, A.; Li, L.; Li, Z.; Lohezic, V.; Lombardi, F.; Lucchini, M.T.; Malberti, M.; Mao, Y.; Maravin, Y.; Marzocchi, B.; Mazzaro, D.; Menon Raghunandanan, R.; Meridiani, P.; Munoz Diaz, C.; Musienko, Y.; Nargelas, S.; Narváez, L.L.; Neu, C.; Organtini, G.; Orimoto, T.; Osite, D.; Paganoni, M.; Palluotto, S.; Palmer, C.; Palmeri, N.; Pandolfi, F.; Paramatti, R.; Pauletto, T.; Perego, A.; Pikurs, G.; Pizzati, G.; Plese, R.; Quaranta, C.; Reales Gutiérrez, G.; Redaelli, N.; Ronchi, S.; Rossin, R.; Sahin, M.Ö.; Santanastasio, F.; Schmidt, I.; Sidiropoulos Kontos, D.; Sievert, T.; Silva, R.; Simmerling, P.; Soffi, L.; Solanki, P.; Sorrentino, G.; Spiropulu, M.; Strautnieks, N.R.; Sun, X.; Szabo, D.D.; Tabarelli de Fatis, T.; Tamulaitis, G.; Taylor, R.; Titov, M.; Tosi, M.; Trabucco, G.; Tsirou, A.; Tully, C.; Turcato, M.; Ujvari, B.; Varela, J.; Veronese, F.; Vladimirov, V.; Wang, J.; Wayne, M.; White, S.; Wu, Z.; Wulff, J.W.; Wynne, R.A.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Zilizi, G.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2025.170823

Published January 2026 | Version Published

Journal Article Open

The CMS barrel timing layer: test beam confirmation of module timing performance

1. Princeton University
2. INFN Sezione di Roma I
3. Sapienza University of Rome
4. California Institute of Technology
5. Kansas State University
6. University of Virginia
7. INFN Sezione di Trieste
8. University of Trieste
9. University of Debrecen
10. INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca
11. INFN Sezione di Padova
12. University of Paris-Saclay
13. University of Iowa
14. Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particles Physics
15. University of Cagliari
16. University of Padua
17. University of Milano-Bicocca
18. Northeastern University
19. Riga Technical University
20. European Organization for Nuclear Research
21. University of Notre Dame
22. Tsinghua University
23. Gangneung–Wonju National University
24. University of Maryland, College Park
25. Peking University
26. Vilnius University
27. University of Pisa
28. University of Latvia

First of its kind, the barrel section of the MIP Timing Detector is a large area timing detector based on LYSO:Ce crystals and SiPMs which are required to operate in an unprecedentedly harsh radiation environment (up to an integrated fluence of 2 x 10¹⁴ 1 MeV n_(eq)/cm²). It is designed as a key element of the upgrade of the existing CMS detector to provide a time resolution for minimum ionizing particles in the range between 30–60 ps throughout the entire operation at the High Luminosity LHC. A thorough optimization of its components has led to the final detector module layout which exploits 25 µm cell size SiPMs and 3.75 mm thick crystals. This design achieved the target performance in a series of test beam campaigns. In this paper we present test beam results which demonstrate the desired performance of detector modules in terms of radiation tolerance, time resolution and response uniformity.

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Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to the technical experts of the CERN beam line facilities for their invaluable help.

Funding

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101057511 (EURO-LABS), the European Union - Next Generation EU Mission 4 Component 2 CUP I53D23001520006, MoST (China) under the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1602100), the NSFC (China) under global scientific research funding projects (No. W2443006), the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal and ICSC – National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy), Latvian Council of Sciences State research programme project VPP-IZM-CERN-2022/1-0001.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Simona Palluotto reports financial support was provided by European Union. Samuele Ronchi reports financial support was provided by European Union. Licheng Zhang reports financial support was provided by European Union. Ksenia De Leo reports financial support was provided by European Union. Jyoti Babbar reports financial support was provided by European Union. Flavia Cetorelli reports financial support was provided by European Union. Prabhat Solanki reports financial support was provided by European Union. Xiaohu Sun reports financial support, equipment, drugs, or supplies, and travel were provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Yajun Mao reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Jin Wang reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Mingxuan Zhang reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Leyan Li reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Zhiyuan Li reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Licheng Zhang reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Xiaohu Sun reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Yajun Mao reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Jin Wang reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Mingxuan Zhang reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Leyan Li reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Zhiyuan Li reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Licheng Zhang reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Zhen Hu reports financial support was provided by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Alessio Boletti reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. Michele Gallinaro reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. Ricardo Bugalho reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. Giacomo Da Molin reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. Rui Silva reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. Joao Varela reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. Johan Wilfried Wulff reports financial support was provided by Portuguese Republic Government Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Is new version of: Discussion Paper: arXiv:2504.11209 (arXiv)

European Union
EURO-LABS 101057511
European Union
Next Generation EU Mission 4 Component 2 CUP I53D23001520006
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
National Key R&D Program 2022YFA1602100
National Natural Science Foundation of China
W2443006
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
National Center for High-Performance Computing
Latvian Council of Science
VPP-IZM-CERN-2022/1-0001

Accepted: 2025-07-01
Available: 2025-07-19

Available online
Available: 2025-07-24

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Caltech groups: CMS@Caltech, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy (PMA)
Publication Status: Published

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The CMS barrel timing layer: test beam confirmation of module timing performance

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The CMS barrel timing layer: test beam confirmation of module timing performance

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