The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
- Creators
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Orell-Miquel, J.
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Murgas, F.
- Pallé, E.
- Mallorquín, M.
- López-Puertas, M.
- Lampón, M.
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Sanz-Forcada, J.
- Nortmann, L.
- Czesla, S.
- Nagel, E.
- Ribas, I.
- Stangret, M.
- Livingston, J.
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Knudstrup, E.
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Albrecht, S. H.
- Carleo, I.
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Caballero, J.
- Dai, F.1
- Esparza-Borges, E.
- Fukui, A.
- Heng, K.
- Henning, Th.
- Kagetani, T.
- Lesjak, F.
- de Leon, J. P.
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Montes, D.
- Morello, G.
- Narita, N.
- Quirrenbach, A.
- Amado, P. J.
- Reiners, A.
- Schweitzer, A.
- Linares, J. I. Vico
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1.
California Institute of Technology
Abstract
During the first billion years of their life, exoplanet atmospheres are modified by different atmospheric escape phenomena that can strongly affect the shape and morphology of the exoplanet itself. These processes can be studied with Lyα, Hα, and/or He I triplet observations. We present high-resolution spectroscopy observations from CARMENES and GIARPS checking for He I and Hα signals in 20 exoplanetary atmospheres: V1298 Tau c, K2-100 b, HD 63433 b, HD 63433 c, HD 73583 b, HD 73583 c, K2-77 b, TOI-2076 b, TOI-2048 b, HD 235088 b, TOI-1807 b, TOI-1136 d, TOI-1268 b, TOI-1683 b, TOI-2018 b, MASCARA-2b, WASP-189 b, TOI-2046 b, TOI-1431 b, and HAT-P-57 b. We report two new high-resolution spectroscopy He I detections for TOI-1268 b and TOI-2018 b, and a Hα detection for TOI-1136 d. Furthermore, we detect hints of He I for HD 63433 b, and Hα for HD 73583 b and c, which need to be confirmed. The aim of the Measuring Out-flows in Planets orbiting Young Stars (MOPYS) project is to understand the evaporating phenomena and test their predictions from the current observations. We compiled a list of 70 exoplanets with He I and/or Hα observations, from this work and the literature, and we considered the He I and Hα results as proxy for atmospheric escape. Our principal results are that 0.1–1 Gyr planets do not exhibit more He I or Hα detections than older planets, and evaporation signals are more frequent for planets orbiting ~1–3 Gyr stars. We provide new constraints to the cosmic shoreline, the empirical division between rocky planets and planets with atmosphere, by using the evaporation detections and we explore the capabilities of a new dimensionless parameter, RHe/RHill, to explain the He I triplet detections. Furthermore, we present a statistically significant upper boundary for the He I triplet detections in the Teq versus ρp parameter space. Planets located above that boundary are unlikely to show He I absorption signals.
Copyright and License
© The Authors 2024
Acknowledgement
CARMENES is an instrument at the Centro Astronómico Hispano en Andalucía (CAHA) at Calar Alto (Almería, Spain), operated jointly by the Junta de Andalucía and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC). The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to all members of the Calar Alto staff for their expert support of the instrument and telescope operation. CARMENES was funded by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through projects FICTS-2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, and CAHA16-CE-3978, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Landessternwarte Königstuhl, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, Institut für Astro-physik Göttingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thüringer Landesstern-warte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiología and Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán), with additional contributions by the MINECO, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Research Unit FOR2544 “Blue Planets around Red Stars”, the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Württemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucía. Based on observations collected at the Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán (CAHA) at Calar Alto, proposals 21B-3.5-004, 22A-3.5-007, 22B-3.5-009, 23A-3.5-009, and 23B-3.5-002, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucía and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC). We used data from the CARMENES data archive at CAB (CSIC-INTA). We acknowledge the use of the ExoAtmospheres database during the preparation of this work This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JPJP24H00017 and JSPS Bilateral Program Number JPJSBP120249910. This paper is based on observations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by ABC, at Tele-scopio Carlos Sánchez operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI/10.13039/501100011033) of the Ministe-rio de Ciencia e Innovación and the ERDF “A way of making Europe” through projects PID2022-137241NBC4[1:4], PID2019-109522GB-C5[1:4], PID2021-125627OB-C31, PID2022-141216NB-I00, Ariel Postdoctoral Fellowship program of the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA), and the Centre of Excellence “Severo Ochoa” and “María de Maeztu” awards to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CEX2021-001131-S) and Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CEX2020-001058-M). J.O-M. agraeix el recolzament, suport i ànims que sempre ha rebut per part de Padrina Conxa, Padrina Mercè, Jeroni, Mercè i més familiars i amics. J.0.M. gratefully acknowledge the inspiring discussions with Maite Mateu, Alejandro Almodóvar, and Joan Perelló, and the support from Guillem, Benet, and Montse. This research has made use of resources from VallAlbaida-Mallorca collaboration. J.0.M. acknowledges the contributions and patience of Jorge Terol Calvo, i molt especialment a tu, Yess. L.N. and F.L. acknowledge the support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project number 314665159. E.K. and S.H.A. acknowledge the support from the Danish Council for Independent Research through grant no. 2032-00230B. E.N. acknowledges the support by the DFG Research Unit FOR2544 “Blue Planets around Red Stars”. S.C. acknowledges the support of the DFG priority program SPP 1992 “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets” (CZ 222/5-1).
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Additional details
- Accepted
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2024-05-30Accepted
- Caltech groups
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Astronomy Department
- Publication Status
- Published