Hierarchical Phased-Array Antennas Coupled to Al KIDs: A Scalable Architecture for Multi-band Millimeter/Submillimeter Focal Planes

Creators: Martin, Jean-Marc¹; Kim, Junhan¹; Defrance, Fabien²; Shu, Shibo²; Beyer, Andrew D.²; Day, Peter K.²; Sayers, Jack²; Golwala, Sunil R.¹

1. California Institute of Technology
2. Jet Propulsion Lab

Abstract

We present the optical characterization of two-scale hierarchical phased-array antenna kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) for millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths. Our KIDs have a lumped-element architecture with parallel plate capacitors and aluminum inductors. The incoming light is received with a hierarchical phased array of slot dipole antennas, split into 4 frequency bands (between 125 GHz and 365 GHz) with on-chip lumped-element band-pass filters, and routed to different KIDs using microstriplines. Individual pixels detect light for the 3 higher-frequency bands (190–365 GHz), and the signals from four individual pixels are coherently summed to create a larger pixel detecting light for the lowest frequency band (125–175 GHz). The spectral response of the band-pass filters was measured using Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS), the far-field beam pattern of the phased-array antennas was obtained using an infrared source mounted on a 2-axis translating stage, and the optical efficiency of the KIDs was characterized by observing loads at 294 K and 77 K. We report on the results of these three measurements.

Copyright and License

© The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Acknowledgement

This work has been supported by the JPL Research and Technology Development Fund, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under awards 80NSSC18K0385 and 80NSSC22K1556, and the Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics Advanced Detector Research program under award DE-SC0018126. The research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004).

Contributions

J.M. wrote the main manuscript, and contributed to data acquisition, data analysis, and generation of all figures. J.K. contributed to measurement infrastructure, data acquisition, data analysis, and generation of Figure 2. F.D. contributed to experimental and measurement infrastructure, reviewed and helped write the main manuscript, and contributed to experiment design, simulations, detector design, data acquisition, data analysis, and generation of Figure 1. S.S. contributed to measurement infrastructure, simulations, detector design, and generation of Figure 1. A.B. contributed to detector design and fabrication. P.D. contributed to detector design. J.S. contributed to experimental infrastructure. S.G. supervised the project, contributed to experimental infrastructure and detector design, provided technical advice on data acquisition and analysis, and reviewed the main manuscript.

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